Early years child care Essay Example for Free

Early years kid care Essay Having the option to persuade individuals from staff is a movement towards this. As Mayo found with his workforce, if the staff felt esteemed, they were all the more ready to work more enthusiastically and longer for their supervisor. Rousing the staff is in no way, shape or form a basic errand, as it implies using an equalization of the two individuals and relational abilities. These aptitudes can be assembled into different administration styles and every individual from staff will require the administrator to adjust the style as per their own character. The setting, which is the subject of this work, gives a genuine case of the different styles of the board required so as to direct the workforce. One individual from staff is lighthearted and loose in her work and in this way needs a despotic, or coercive administration style. She is, be that as it may, continually ready to do as she is told and flourishes with doing guidelines as they are given. Were the administrator to utilize a free enterprise approach here, the occupations allotted to this individual from staff would not complete. To inspect this in more detail, only one of the supervisors obligations is to guarantee that specialty supplies are enough loaded. Likewise with a significant number of the directors errands, this is one that can be appointed to another individual from staff. This specific laborer is given this errand to do and due it being given to her as an immediate guidance, she is glad to continue with excitement and little delaying. On the off chance that, anyway a more free enterprise approach were utilized, she could feel that the undertaking was not significant and may leave it until such a period as she decided to do it. These aptitudes and characteristics of the administrator know about Herzbergs (1968) two factor hypothesis of inspiration. He perceived that offering staff the chance of accomplishment, acknowledgment, association, obligation and strengthening, is the way to genuine inspiration (Dale, 1992). This is the assessment of Ridderstrale and Nordstrom. In early years initiative it is especially significant. The chief continually needs to actualize change, regularly following government enactment. It is the job of the administrator, as the pioneer to guarantee all staff individuals can acclimate to these new usage, rather than sticking on to strategies recently followed. The chief of the picked nursery has a successful strategy for executing change. In the event that the change has happened at nursery level, the odds are it has emerged and been talked about during a workforce gathering. On the off chance that the progressions originate from somewhere else, for instance, an administration paper, the director would initially address the earnestness of the change, before settling on a strategy. The plan for gatherings is constantly shown onto a notification board for all the staff to see. On the off chance that the change is one that doesn't require prompt activity, it will be added to the board, close to the plan. Notwithstanding, should it be important to act quickly, at that point a gathering will be called, either with all the staff, or with singular individuals in like manner.

Criticisms Of The Traditional Budgeting System Essay Example For Students

Reactions Of The Traditional Budgeting System Essay Spending plan is be aftering for a combination of offer conduits, a control strategy for a course to stay from over payment, a system of telling it units, a procedure to pull off grouped exercises that associations do, and a technique to give to each partner with summarisation of exercises that diverse constituent will set about. Moreover, spending plan is a procedure for puting an association s priority by allocating constrained assets to those exercises. The motivation behind the financial plan is to change program and re-assign assets to do certain achieve the key program of an association. The assignment of asset through financial plan can done in a few different ways. An association request to well comprehension about the maps of the framework with the goal that they ready to limit the negatives and to infer advantage. Motivation behind make a financial plan is to discover the route for an association and its future achievement or disappointment ( Goldstein, 2005 ; Maddox, 1999 ; Martin, 1993 ; McCabe, 1984 ) . It is extremely of import to making and following the budgetary priority in any event, during the nearly positive financial occasions, this is only increasingly hard while downswing in monetary conditions. Be that as it may, an association would hard or may non to achieve the gross incomes imprint or financial plan because of uncertainness monetary. An association makes a decent assurance request to see the factor like financial framework. During the uncertainness financial, there must be either downturn or rising costs. When the financial framework going through downturn, numerous individuals standard in economy and are non ready to pass cash because of high joblessness rate and fall in family unit salary. Thusly, an association s net incomes volume and total compensation would drop. Be that as it may, numerous individuals is high in purchasing influence and ready to pass cash if the monetary framework going through rising costs. Subsequently, an association would increment in net incomes and accomplish the imprint. The monetary framework uncertainness would do associations net incomes and total compensations change uncertainness, this would affect their dynamic and open introduction. Outline1 Why required more flexibleness planning framework on the other hand of customary spending plan system?2 Criticisms of the conventional planning system3 Require more flexibleness planning Why required more flexibleness planning framework on the other hand of customary spending framework? Reactions of the customary planning framework Since the monetary is uncertainness, the association is requiring increasingly adaptable assault in measuring spending plan and on the other hand of using customary spending technique. The principal ground is while using the customary financial plan, the way an association allotted expense had non changed in old 60 mature ages and this is dismissing the way that the monetary atmosphere of the association had essentially changed ( Johnson and Kaplan 1987 ) . On the off chance that monetary framework going through downturn or rising costs, this would caused diverse outcome from the spending plan. All around, the customary financial plan is made for at least one mature ages to achieve the vital guide and it depends on schedule twelvemonth. The association would non modify the spending plan any more drawn out once it was readied. On the off chance that any unforeseen occasions show up, the conventional spending plan would even now flexibly same data, which becomes off base data and this would caused an association doing an off base assurance. There would be ridiculous examination if the association proceed break down the wrong spending plan. The open introduction list is non fused into a bing spending system and subsequently customary strategy is truly moderate and in reverse looking. Generally, the conventional spending plan is alluded to verifiable assault, which means dependent on old twelvemonth s gross and outgo. The conventional financial plan is uneffective in light of the fact that the data is obsolete and this would affect on dynamic of an association. Craftsmanship - Year of the Goat EssayAnnually decided budgetary imprints, and the spoke to obligations related with them, are believed to confine the scope of sceptered chiefs to run deftly, militate against group working inside and between segments, hinder propelled reactions to unexpected consequences, and smother the innovativeness required for development and larning happen. pg 445 Financial plans are dynamically wrong for associations needing to achieve high open introduction in competitory conditions and ought to be relinquished. All things considered, despite their limitations, planning designs are still viewed as a hierarchical jussive mind-set if costs are to be controlled and anticipated monetary open introduction accomplished. - 445 To use to associations standing up to economic situations which required a capacity for a high pace of key adjustment and flexibleness as they too much will meet competitory power per unit zones to ensure tight cost control. Chiefs join planning with other bearing controls to run into the conceivably viing points of flexibleness and adaptation required for plot execution on the one manus, and the achievement of determined financial stamps on the other. - 445 unthinking control frameworks which underline proficiency and natural control frameworks which organize flexibleness ( Brown A ; Esienstadt, 1997 ; Chapman, 1998 ; Dent, 1987 ; Marginson, 2002 ) . - 445 These settings controls are primarily utilized analytically however may other than be utilized intuitively when executives need to talk what is the best move to make.- 454 They are utilized, preeminent, to collect, translate and direct the data important to comprehend the present spot of the standpoint ; and besides, to perceive how spreads between arranged open introduction and existent results might be shut. While these methods urge an adaptable reaction to how closures are accomplished, they are non expected to detract from a man s answerability for budgetary imprints. Or maybe, they serve to reenforce the idea that it is the obligation of the single chief to ensure that their budgetary imprints are accomplished. - 454 In the event that I do nt hit my imprints so I most likely would secure an expanded whole of treatment about how making a trip to fix it, it would be a ceaseless audit.- 455 Making disciplinary move frequently involved obtaining the help of different chiefs to investigate what employments have emerged and imagine suitable redresss to indict. - 455 Chiefs are required to react flexibleness to exploit opportunities to accomplish results that best fit of rage with the general vital points, it stays officeholder on executives to show what different moves they have made to ensure their budgetary imprints are met. This is followed both formally through the reappraisal technique and casually through draw offing in-process . - 456 Executives are both responsible for 2 related yet discernable exercises: they are required to exploit spending flexibleness to indict vital corporate closures ; besides they are relied upon to achieve their ain budgetary imprints. Unavoidable tensenesss will start from arraigning both simultaneously, yet it is normal that these can be intervened effectively through acquiring executives committedness to hierarchical points. - 456 Chiefs at Astoria are constantly occupied with rethinking what was go oning to their open introduction comparable to their imprints, and responding to employments related with their ain open introduction shortfalls or startling modifications in fortunes affecting them, or their colleagues. - 457 A transportation of intensity and approval from the Center to working executives, enthroning in them the approval to use their judgment and undertaking to achieve their closures without being compelled by some particular program or understandings . This decentalisation of control and obligation for open introduction is expected to approve cutting edge executives so as to encourage creation and reactivity and increment flexibility . - 458

Top 10 Tips for Communicating With Us No. 8 Familiarize yourself with expenses, and search for fellowships ASAP COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Top 10 Tips for Communicating With Us No. 8 Familiarize yourself with expenses, and search for fellowships ASAP COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Updated: March 2016 This is the eighth entry in our “Top 10? list for you to consider when communicating with our office and applying. Number 8 â€" Familiarize yourself with expenses, and search  for fellowships ASAP Yes, there is no doubt about it, graduate school is expensive.  We will do as much as we can to educate you on financial options, but by far the number one thing you can do is to be diligent in searching for fellowships and grants.  Do not wait to search until you have applied, you should start the search long before applying.  Each applicant should follow what I call the “rule of 2.”   Basically my assertion is that applicants should spend twice as much time applying for fellowships as time spent working on admission application.  If it takes you 10 hours to prepare your admission application, you would be well served to spend 20 hours looking for fellowships.  A great resource to use in order to get started is our external fellowship database. Most of the information you need concerning the cost to attend is available on our financial aid website, such as cost of attendance,  types of aid,  scholarship information, and information specifically for international students.  Please do note that SIPA scholarships come from one general pool â€" there is no difference in the fellowship award process at SIPA for domestic and international students â€" all students are equally considered no matter the country of origin.

Media in 2027 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1140 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Media Essay Type Review Level High school Did you like this example? Abstract This paper presents a narrative describing a day in life ten years from now, my envision on the future of the media and internet. In the quest to understand this concept in broader perspective, I will focus on mediasphere 2027 in all sectors like political, entertainment, technological, social, economic among others.In the political context, the paper will mainly discuss regulation of web content, effects of global warming to the government, increased piracy, lack of privacy, future management of hazardous waste, lack of neutrality and mandatory government announcements among others. In the social context, the paper opts to consider: future human interaction classes, behavioral perspectives like youtube, snap chat, facebook, twitter, Instagram among others, moreover in the delicate food chain would be of no exception when discussing the social aspect of the media.Here more focus would be channeled to sustainability, dirty water and movement to locally sourced plant-based foods. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Media in 2027" essay for you Create order With regards to economic aspects of the media in 2027, the paper will base its arguments on digital currency, hybrid storefronts, boom, digital currency, fossil fuel replacement and legal pot.The technological aspect will shift focus on the wave power, cyborg, quicker physical transportation, emotive brainwave interface among others.Lastly, this paper will also include entertainment aspect of media as at 2027 with much emphasis on de-evolution, streaming rules on a broadcast model like radio and tv, and splintering audiences. When one would be asked the question, `where do you see the media in ten years? ` It becomes so exciting and an at the same time it presents a dilemma whereby one is spoilt for choices as one needs to ponder about it in correlation on what the world was ten years ago, how it is currently and the envision on how it may be ten years to come.Personally, I envision 2027 internet of things to be redundant owing to the extensive connectivity of element in ten ye ars ten hence becoming superfluous.I foresee a time when technology will be pervasive therefore changing everything. The following trends are likely to be seen in the media sector in 2027; The human-computer interfaces are most likely to migrate from current touching and texting based mechanisms to me hi-tech, augmented and mixed realities coupled with voice and sign language enabled UIs.Besides, there is likely to be expansiveness and a considerable rise in the business networks which are likely to be automated in the form of B2B marketplaces which would enhance sharing of information to a variety of consumers and among business partners.That would in tern otherwise empower more contextual knowledge among the personnel apart from business processes augmentation with advanced enlightenment. 2027 is likely to be an error which will see advancement in the media that is likely upgrade many sectors of our lives with more regards to the business logistics which is likely to improve in the areas of traceability and tracking throughout the supply chain. NEW MEDIA ( A DAY IN LIFE TEN YEARS FROM NOW ) Moreover, there is likely to be an improvement in the sectors of Agriculture which will most likely see connectivity leading to movement to vertical and in-vitro food production. That is likely to see higher crop yields and lower input production and scarce land footprint.There will be the return of the land that has not been used to enhance biodiversity and sequestration of carbon in the forests.Besides, due to connectivity in the manufacturing sector that is likely to be experienced in ten years time, there is expected to be a transition to manufacturing as a service. That would be owing to the distributed construction which would see an enhancement in mass customization with a variety of normalized batch sizes. In ten years time, I envision a system of energy connectivity whereby the source of demand is likely to listen to the supply signals from generators. The demand systems will closely match the supply which facilitates storage facilities, low generation of carbon and an end to end connectivity leading to stability of the grid and elimination of fluctuations courtesy of the advancement of the percentages of variable generators like solar and wind in the system. That will, in turn, reduce the generated electricity carbon footprint. I also envision a system with more connectivity in the transport sector which will likely enhance the effectiveness, efficiency, and improvements regarding safety due to advancement in predictive maintenance of fleets of transport. Vehicles are likely to become electronic, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication will become the norm and maybe, the insurance premiums are expected to start favoring autonomous driving modes. In ten years time, the global social media use is likely to continue on its upward trajectory. Social media use is expected to be ubiquitous and integrated into our daily lives in a several ways. MEDIA IN 2027 (A DAY IN LIFE TEN YEARS FROM NOW) I foresee an integration of the social media into wearables that track habits, and virtual experiences are likely to be part of the package.However, there is expected to be a challenge of coping with the numerous data amounts that may deluge the masses.Besides, there is supposed to be increased personalization, more individual to personal communication increased humanlike algorithms and a variety of social media platforms.There is also expected to be a divide between socializing and publishing through the internet platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter.Apart from that, there is supposed to be a shift from both input and observation being to the irrelevancy of laptops, desktops, tablets, and smartphones by then as they will be voice controlled instead.Holographic displays are likely to shift into the mainstream. Conclusion That is how I envision the media in 2027.Currently am 23, and by then I will be 33.I say this knowing full well that ten years from now will see more positive and advanced changes in the media that will make me realize my dream of becoming an interior designer in a more hi-tech environment.By then, hopefully, I will have a family, and I will enjoy raising my kids in an advanced, global environment coupled with hi-tech technology. I long for a day in time when I shall wake up to such advancement in the media; I will maximize the excellent internet opportunity during the day and enjoy the peaceful sleep when I retire to bed knowing too well that the world holds a better place for me in the media sector.I will make sure to watch more documentaries to keep abreast, work as an interior designer. I look forward to a day like this to come to pass. A day when wearables will replace tablets and the social media will hyper-accelerate will allow big data. A day when social media will permit t he publishers and brands to focus on the story rather than telling of it. That may even facilitate my interior design work.

The Human Race Of South Africa - 937 Words

no gene pools. Therefore, there is no human race that is intellectually superior to another. The human race has been distributed in different geographical locations with a particular physical feature. Below are some of the races found in various parts of the world? The Natural habitat Caucasian from North Africa, the Indian, Southwest Asia, and Europe. The group is made up of Nordic, Alpine, east Baltic, Mediterranean among other groups. These groups of people are different from other groups significantly more so the high profiling individuals. Natural habitat in East and West Africa, present with curly hair, dilated nostrils, dark skin. As long as the round-headed, Negro type and middle-sized. Pygmies in the central and western part of Africa are unusual to note. The pygmies are about 144 to 150 cm for men, curly hair, skin light brown, massive torso, legs and arms are short. There are about 200 thousand people. Bushmen, Khoisan race in South Africa are stunted with infantile features, skin yellowish-brown, curly hair, drop folds over the pubis, no elastic-quickly wrinkles. They are characterized by increased fat deposits on the buttocks and a strong lordosis. They have prominent cheek bones, special fold century with a yellowish skin making them look like mongoloids. The characteristics are favorable for their climatic conditions, a desert. East barrel are is characterized by two differences, runs slowly universal and human simplified teeth due to the geographical featureShow MoreRelatedDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pageshistory have always evolved around human rights race relationships and power. In this paper, I will focus on the themes of racism, human rights, and power and how history makers such as Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, and Mahatma Gandhi (just to name these few) helped to redress them to an extent and how theirs efforts shape contemporary eve nts. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on 15 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia and is one of the most remembered Human Rights Activists in America historyRead More Nadine Gordimers A Soldier’s Embrace Essay812 Words   |  4 Pages A lion, apartheid, South Africa and racism. What do these things have in common? They all play a part in Nadine Gordimer’s collection of short stories called A Soldier’s Embrace published in 1980. This book is based around the lifestyle of South Africa, and the law separating the different cultures at that time (South Africa no longer has these laws of apartheid as of 1991). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the recent news, there was a story about South Africa and its quarrels. What happened wasRead MoreGke 1 Task 21300 Words   |  6 PagesNelson Mandela was known as a world leader for his role in fighting apartheid and being the first multi-racial president of South Africa. His presidency created a significant change in the perception and building of a multiracial society in South Africa and around the world. Nelson Mandela was also known to be a leader of a civil rights organization known as the African National Congress. The purpose of the African National Congress was to demolish racial segregation and discrimination. The two mostRead MoreThe Effects of Apartheid on South Africa1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of apartheid have long outlived the days of its existence and there seems to be no sign at this point of South Africa completely moving past it. There is, however, always hope, and solutions are much sought after. In August 2011, former Arch bishop Desmond Tutu1 announced his suggestion to rectify the wrongs of the past by implementing laws that require all white citizens to pay a special tax. This would serve as reparation to symbolically account for the benefits that white people asRead MoreNelson Mandela s Eradication Of The Apartheid1327 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluential activists, and his legacy remains not just in South Africa but the entire world. Nelson Mandela participated in the eradication of the apartheid, and in 1994 became South Africa’s first black president. Mandela and many other black South Africans worked hard to end the unjust segregation in South Africa, and they were successful in destroying the wicked apartheid system. Over 20 years after the eradication of the apartheid, is South Africa completely free of the past segregation and social problemsRead MoreEssay on The Legacy of Apartheid in South Africa1635 Words   |  7 Pageshave been a prevalent part in the history of Africa. Perhaps, o ne of the most blatant forms of racism occurred in South Africa, during the period of Apartheid. From 1948 to 1994 non-white Africans were subjected to horrific treatment, enforced by the South African National Party. The repulsive forms of racial segregation in South Africa, resulting from race and color, not only oppressed the colored majority group, but also denied them of any rights or human dignity. It can be easily stated that theRead MoreRacism and Desmond Mpilo Tutu1077 Words   |  5 Pagessomeone who considers himself my master. I want the full menu of rights.† Desmond Mpilo Tutu is an honorable man who became increasingly frustrated with the racism corrupting all aspects of South Africa. Through this quote, he incorporates the message of freedom and how humanity doesn’t serve others because of their race, skin color, or complexion. Desmond Tutu believes that everyone should be equal and should be considered as one big family, a family that isn’t separated by segregation. As in any familyRead MoreNelson Mandela And The Social Injustice Of Apartheid1652 Words   |  7 Pagesthe white minority oppressive regime of racially divided South Africa. My exhibit talks about all the sufferings Nelson Mandela went through to end apartheid and brought a multiracial â€Å"Government of National Unity† in South Africa. Also, the main idea of my project tell s how Nelson Mandela impacted the world by addressing global problems and easing human sufferings. My research focuses on the social injustice of apartheid in South Africa and how this was brought to an end. Summary of project TheRead MoreThe Truth And Reconciliation Commission1667 Words   |  7 PagesMandela, which allowed witnesses, whose human rights were violated, to give statements and possibly testify before the Commission. These hearings were not only aimed at justice but the truth. The hearings allowed amnesty to those who committed the crimes as long as they could prove that they were just following orders from their superiors. Krog wrote Country of My Skull about her journalistic covering, for the SABC (public broadcasting service in South Africa), of the two years that the TRC hearingsRead MoreHistorical Background Of The Era Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesracial institution that was established in 1948 by the National Party that governed South Africa until 1994. The term, which literally means â€Å"apartness,† reflected a violently repressive policy designed to ensure that whites, who comprised 20% of the nation’s population, would continue to dominate the country. Although th e policy began officially in 1948, the practice of racial discrimination has deep roots in South African society. As early as 1788, Dutch colonizers began establishing laws and regulations

Bis/220 Information Technology Acts Free Essays

Information Technology Acts Necessity BIS/220 January 28, 2013 Information Technology Acts Necessity Children are our society’s most valuable and fragile resources. It is our responsibility as parents, adults, and caregivers to provide our children with as many safeguards to protect them from physical and virtual dangers. Children are spending more and more time on the internet and without the proper protection and supervision they can be exposed to indecent or harmful material or predators that seek to harm them. We will write a custom essay sample on Bis/220 Information Technology Acts or any similar topic only for you Order Now What children are encountering on the Internet, particularly in terms of indecent or otherwise unsuitable material or contacts with strangers who intend to do them harm, is an issue of major concern. † (Smith, 2001). The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000 and the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998 were put in place as an attempt to protect our children from the harm that could befall them on the internet from harmful materials and predators that target children. Children’s Internet Protection Act, 2000 With children doing so much of their school work and research on the internet it is important to try to maintain a safe, appropriate environment especially when they are using the internet at school or the library. â€Å"The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) is a federal law enacted by Congress to address concerns about access to offensive content over the Internet on school and library computers. CIPA imposes certain types of requirements on any school or library that receives funding for Internet access or internal connections from the E-rate program – a program that makes certain communications technology more affordable for eligible schools and libraries. In early 2001, the FCC issued rules implementing CIPA. † (FCC, n. d. ). CIPA was enacted to protect children while they use the internet at school or libraries where they should feel safe from being exposed to inappropriate material. This act is not one hundred percent effective but it places an additional safeguard that can help in protecting our children from the dangers on the internet while in the safety of their school or library. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 1998 â€Å"The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) was signed into law in Oct. 21, 1998 and modified effective April 21, 2000. The rule applies to operators of commercial web sites and online services directed to children under 13 that collect personal information from children, and operators of general audience sites with actual knowledge that they are collecting information from children under 13. COPPA prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices in connection with the collection, use, or disclosure of personally identifiable information from and about children on the Internet. The law spells out what a Web site operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children’s privacy and safety online. † (Information Shield,  2011). This act permits parents to review the information supplied by their children and remove any information the parent deems to be unsafe to disclose or inappropriate. This adds an additional safeguard against predators that could target children under the age of 13. Just like the CIPA, this act is not a one hundred percent guarantee of children’s safety from online predators but it does assist parents in the fight to keep their children safe. Conclusion While the Children’s Internet Protection Act and the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act are in place to protect our children from harmful and indecent material on the internet and from online predators, it is our responsibility as parents, adults, and caregivers to go the extra steps to better ensure the safety of our children. With so many children using social networking sites, like Facebook, it is even more important to find ways to protect them from predators that target children. There are many software options available for free or to purchase that add extra protection through the use of parental controls that can be downloaded to home computers and laptops that children use. But the strongest and most effective tool available to parents, adults, and caregivers is talking openly to children about the dangers that they may face on the internet. Just like we teach them to look both ways before crossing the road and not talk to strangers, it is just as important to teach them how to be safe while using the internet. References Federal Communications Commission. (n. d. ). Children’s Internet Protection Act. Retrieved from http://www. fcc. gov/guides/childrens-internet-protection-act   Information Shield. (2011). Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Retrieved from http://www. informationshield. com/coppaoverview. htm Smith, M. S. (2001). Internet – Protecting Children from Unsuitable Material and Sexual Predators: Overview and Pending Legislation: RS20036. Congressional Research Service: Report, 1. How to cite Bis/220 Information Technology Acts, Essays

Enterprise Bargaining under Fair Works Act - 2009

Question: Discuss about the Report for Enterprise Bargaining under Fair Works Act, 2009. Answer: Introduction Employment relations have evolved overtime and have become fairer towards employees. In Australia, the trade unions became visible after the industrial revolution in 1860s and 70s. The transition of various trade and labor acts throughout the 19th century, legalize the collective negotiation for employees so as to negotiate with employers for wages and workplace conditions [1]. Enterprise bargaining is valuable workplace tool which helps in creating flexible enterprises with higher productivity levels. With the increased productivity levels, the workers can earn higher wages and even employers can earn higher profits [2]. The process of collective bargaining and agreement making forms a crucial part of Australian industrial relations. The trade unions were able to gain their rights after the legalization related to collective bargaining and negotiation. Enterprise bargaining agreements were introduced in Australia in 1991 and became popular during 1990s [3]. Before 2009 there was a d emand for new workplace practices for the improvement of the productivity of employees which led to the implementation of the Fair work act. The Fair Work Act in 2009 made the enterprise agreements more simple and flexible. This act aimed at making employment relations simple, safe and more productive. This paper will critically analyze the impact of Fair Work Act 2009 on enterprise bargaining and agreements. This paper provides the detailed overview of Fair Work Act 2009 in regard to enterprise bargaining and its key aspects. This paper also provides the factors provided by the Fair Work Act which have been favorable for enterprise bargaining. This paper highlights the key arguments related to the process of enterprise bargaining. This paper evaluates if there exists a relationship between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth. The new workplace system was being created by Fair Work Act from 1st July 2009, with an aim to increase productivity through enterprise bargaining . About enterprise bargaining and agreements The enterprise bargaining refers to the negotiation between employees and individual organizations regarding wages and workplace conditions. After negotiation, the employers and employees, through trade unions, enter into enterprise agreements. Enterprise bargaining is a process which aims at creating an equitable and fair work culture. The fair work act 2009 replaced the various types of individual workplace agreements with a single agreement known as Enterprise Agreement. This Enterprise agreement is an agreement to which one or more national system employers enter with their employees through collective bargaining [4]. The Act has clearly established the rules and regulations regarding the process of enterprise bargaining. These agreements are related to wages, workplace conditions, and employment terms and could include anything which is lawful. The enterprise agreements usually constitute:- Terms and conditions underlying the relationship between employer and employees. The deductions from wages which are being authorized by the employees. Bray, M., Waring, P. Cooper, R. (2011). Employment Relations: Theory and Practice. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. The date of validity which is usually 4 years from the approval of Fair Work Commission. In case of dispute, the method to be adopted for dispute resolution. These Enterprise agreements can be three types: - Single enterprise agreement, Multi enterprise agreement and Greenfields agreements. The Single enterprise agreement is between single employers and its employees and multi enterprise agreement is made between two or more employers and their employees [5] .The Greenfields agreement is between new enterprise of employer and its employees and it can be single or multi enterprise agreement. These enterprise agreements are preferred by employers as well as employees as they effectively replace awards and are flexible in nature. As per the opinion of corporate, the industry awards were quite complex and it was cumbersome for them to calculate different terms for each and every employee. Thus enterprise agreement is being preferred by employees due to higher wage rates and also being liked by the employer as it is easy and simple to implement. These agreements are being proposed through collective discussion of employers, employees and their bargaining representatives. Once the enterprise agreement is being drafted it is being approved by the Fair Work Commission. The Enterprise agreement cannot include anything which is unlawful in nature such as any term which is in contravention to the protections provisions provided by Fair Work Act 2009. In case of unlawful content it would be rejected by the Fair Work Commission. Bamber, G.,Lansbury, R. D. and Wailes, N. (2010).International Comparative Employment Relations: Globalisation and Change, Fifth Edition. Crow Nest, NSW :Allen Unwin. Enterprise bargaining under the present Fair Work Act 2009 The main objective of Fair Work Act 2009 was to promote productivity as well as fairness by placing emphasis on enterprise bargaining [6]. The Work Choices restricted collective bargaining and limited the enterprise agreements but Fair Work Act recognized the benefits being offered by enterprise bargaining. This act aimed at making employers more responsible towards their employees by encouraging enterprise agreement. This act makes enterprise bargaining and agreements favorable for both employers as well as employees. This enterprise bargaining have led to higher wages as compared to the awards. The enterprise bargaining makes employer flexible and simple to operate which results in increased productivity. Fair Work Act has been developed around collective bargaining and enterprise agreements. The employees have gained in terms of higher wages after the implementation of this act[7]. The employers have realized that they cannot avoid negotiation and enterprise agreements anymore due to strict enforcement of this act. The Arguments which favors enterprise bargaining under present Fair Work Act 2009 can be broadly classified as below:- The act provides one enterprise agreement and it also provides enforceable right to employees for collective bargaining and agreement [8]. On 1st July 2009 all types of existing individual workplace agreements were being replaced by one enterprise agreement. In case employers are ready for enterprise agreement then employees can contact Fair Work commission (FWC). This act has made FWC responsible for handing disputes related to enterprise bargaining. Though the act scraps all statutory individual contracts but an employer and employee can enter into individual flexibility arrangement so as to meet the employees genuine needs. In case employee wants flexible working hours to look after his family, the same can be done through individual flexibility agreement. In case the enterprise agreement has to be withdrawn then employees agreement is required. Employers dont have the power to withdraw from agreement without the agreement of employees. The Act provides rights to both employer and employee to appoint a bargaining representative for negotiations. Thus both the parties can negotiate effectively by appointing representatives. The employers are required to mention the employees covered under enterprise agreement for example they can choose workers. The enterprise agreement is applicable to all categories of employees as mentioned in agreement as they cannot opt out of it. The Act facilitates equality bargaining so as to serve the interests of female employees. With the increased female workforce it is important to have equality bargaining (Baird Williamson, 2009). The act has made the bargaining environment more women friendly. The act provides permit the unions to hold discussion meeting with workers, thus, making it easier for employees to access union for the purpose of collective bargaining.[9] The Fair work Act, 2009, has expanded the scope of enterprise agreement by expanding permitted matters to be included. [10] This Act has encouraged the collective bargaining among low paid employees through the low paid bargaining stream. Historically, these workers never engaged in collective bargaining and enterprise agreement. [11] All the enterprise agreements must be approved by Fair Works Commission. The authority approves this agreement only if: - it does not contain any unlawful term, the employees have genuinely agreed to the same and it meets national employment standards. [12] In order to facilitate bargaining process, Fair Work Australia plays a supervisory role to ensure good faith in collective bargaining. The act lays down the requirements related to good faith bargaining which is required to be followed during the negotiation for the enterprise agreement. These requirements relate to the process of negotiation. [13] FWC provides for Majority Support Determination which provides rights to both employers and employees to start negotiation related to proposed enterprise agreement. In case majority of employees agree to the agreement but employer refuses then FWC can intervene to make Majority Support Determination. [14] The Fair Work Act 2009 have retained the industrial relations safety net and provided the new modern awards to ensure occupational safety. The Act requires the employers to meet the minimum standards as per National Employment Standards so as to ensure employees are in a position to bargain for better work conditions. However, there are certain arguments present under Fair Work Act, 2009 which criticize the process of enterprise bargaining. These criticisms are as below:- Fair Work Act, 2009 has been able to improve the wages of the employees but the act has not led to any improvement in productivity. As per employers the act provides too much power to employees due to which they had been able to negotiate wage increase without any commitment to productivity improvement [15]. As per employer there had been limited scope of enterprise agreement under Fair Work Act 2009 and it does not support clauses for productivity and competitiveness. Fair work act have made the union more powerful due to which employers are not in a position to bargain fairly. The employers fear that their production process may suffer due to the union strike due to which they are not able to negotiate effectively. The review of Fair Work Act 2009 suggests that the act has not been able to make any significant contribution to the decreasing productivity. Rather with the increase in wages has led to increase in cost and have hampered the economic competitiveness [16]. The act does nothing for employees of small businesses and provides no recommendations for same. Thus these employees remain out of enterprise bargaining process. The Fair Work Act 2009 have increased the regulations for employers which makes them difficult to compete economically and reduces the bargaining power of employers. Fair Work Ombudsman The Fair Work Ombudsman is a regulatory body who is concerned with providing advice related to national workforce system and implements laws related to the workplace [17]. The responsibilities of FWO include:- Providing information related to the Australias national workplace relations system. To ensure the compliance of workplace laws and nations standards. To educate people about their work rights and obligations. To develop harmonious and productive workplace relationship. To conduct workplace audits to ensure the compliance of workplace laws. To investigate the complaints related to workplace aspects such as under payment or delayed payment of wages. FWO acts as a workplace regulator which exists to ensure the smooth functioning of business as it addresses the barriers to employment relations [18]. The FWO maintains a strong relationship with trade unions, employers and businesses for effective workplace management. Fair Work commission The Fair Work commission is a workplace relations tribunal which carries out the range of administrative functions to ensure smooth employment relations [19]. The functions of fair work commission include:- Setting of industrial awards, minimum wages and work conditions requirements. Facilitating enterprise bargaining and agreements. It also facilitates good faith in bargaining. Intervening and resolving the industrial disputes. Facilitating and resolving bargaining disputes. Resolving the disputes relating to the enterprise agreements. Disputes relating the protections provided by Fair Work Act 2009. It acts as a workplace authority which facilitates the provisions as mentioned in Fair Work Act 2009. The commission facilitates employees, employers, trade unions and employer associations in enterprise bargaining and enterprise agreement. FWC plays an important role in developing harmonious work relationship between employers and employees. It provides assistance related to issues covered by Fair Works Act, 2009. The Linkage between enterprise bargaining Productivity Growth. The Enterprise bargaining when initially gained popularity in 1990s was seen as a stimulant to the productivity growth. It is a widespread belief that enterprise bargaining has favorable effects on productivity. Even government believed that with the increase in wages the worker would be motivated to work efficiently. However, there was no evidence to prove that the enterprise bargaining increased productivity levels. As per the data from Business Longitudinal study, which studied different firms for three years, it was found that the individual firms having simple production function registered a higher productivity with enterprise agreements in place [20]. Despite these findings, it is very difficult to establish any direct relationship between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth. Numerous economists believe that there is no relationship between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth. Some economists believe that individual contracts increase productivity but it is evidence from New Zealand wherein the system of individual contract hampered the productivity during 1990s [21]. On the Contrary, Western Australia recorded higher labour productivity after it repealed workplace agreements. Thus it can be said that there is no direct relationship exist between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth. Many academicians argue that there is a link between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth, though the research have not been able to establish any relationship. The Fair Work Act 2009 was implemented with an aim to increase productivity and employment fairness through collective bargaining. Though the economists believe there is no relationship between legislation and productivity but there are linkages between industrial deregulation and productivity (McCallum, Moore Edwards, 2012). It is being presumed that lesser the regulations result in higher productivity. Though the Fair Work Act aims at reducing the regulations but still it is being criticized for hampering productivity. The government has received various recommendations to amend Fair Work Act so as to improve productivity. But the fact is productivity is dependent on enterprise bargaining. Australia has multi factor production system which has faced stagnant productivity from last few years [22]. These multiple factors influence productivity and the productivity is being affected by different factors at different times. Hence it is will be unfair to relate productivity to a single factor. Thus it would be unfair to blame Fair Work Act for the movements of productivity. In order to increase productivity following steps can be taken:- The FWA and Fair work Ombudsman should run a campaign to increase awareness about the measures which should be adopted by the businesses to increase productivity. As productivity is dependent on multiple factors hence overall recommendations should be made to improve productivity. The employers should indulge in productivity bargaining by introducing productivity clause in enterprise bargaining. The enterprise bargaining should focus on boosting productivity which will benefit both employees and employers. Conclusion Before 2009 there was a constant demand for fair and equitable employment laws and the Fair Work Act was implemented in order to create fairness in employment relations. Enterprise bargaining is considered to be beneficial for workers and productivity and hence this Act formed to encourage enterprise bargaining. The Fair Work Act 2009 has significantly improved the enterprise bargaining in Australia and led to an increase in wages of workers. This act has been an effective legislation which has improved the overall working conditions of the workers. The act has improved the safety and has provided multiple protections to employees. The act has been appreciated by employers too as it has made the business operations simple and flexible. However, this act is being criticized for hampering productivity as it provides the limited scope for employers to bargain for productivity. It has been established by the researchers that there is no linkage between enterprise bargaining and productiv ity growth. In order to resolve the productivity problem of Australia, alternate steps should be taken. Enterprise bargaining has its own benefits and it has improved the workplace relations in Australia after the implementation Fair Work Act 2016. Bibliography About Us. (2016). Fair Work Commission. 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