Bis/220 Information Technology Acts Free Essays

Information Technology Acts Necessity BIS/220 January 28, 2013 Information Technology Acts Necessity Children are our society’s most valuable and fragile resources. It is our responsibility as parents, adults, and caregivers to provide our children with as many safeguards to protect them from physical and virtual dangers. Children are spending more and more time on the internet and without the proper protection and supervision they can be exposed to indecent or harmful material or predators that seek to harm them. We will write a custom essay sample on Bis/220 Information Technology Acts or any similar topic only for you Order Now What children are encountering on the Internet, particularly in terms of indecent or otherwise unsuitable material or contacts with strangers who intend to do them harm, is an issue of major concern. † (Smith, 2001). The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000 and the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998 were put in place as an attempt to protect our children from the harm that could befall them on the internet from harmful materials and predators that target children. Children’s Internet Protection Act, 2000 With children doing so much of their school work and research on the internet it is important to try to maintain a safe, appropriate environment especially when they are using the internet at school or the library. â€Å"The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) is a federal law enacted by Congress to address concerns about access to offensive content over the Internet on school and library computers. CIPA imposes certain types of requirements on any school or library that receives funding for Internet access or internal connections from the E-rate program – a program that makes certain communications technology more affordable for eligible schools and libraries. In early 2001, the FCC issued rules implementing CIPA. † (FCC, n. d. ). CIPA was enacted to protect children while they use the internet at school or libraries where they should feel safe from being exposed to inappropriate material. This act is not one hundred percent effective but it places an additional safeguard that can help in protecting our children from the dangers on the internet while in the safety of their school or library. Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 1998 â€Å"The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) was signed into law in Oct. 21, 1998 and modified effective April 21, 2000. The rule applies to operators of commercial web sites and online services directed to children under 13 that collect personal information from children, and operators of general audience sites with actual knowledge that they are collecting information from children under 13. COPPA prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices in connection with the collection, use, or disclosure of personally identifiable information from and about children on the Internet. The law spells out what a Web site operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children’s privacy and safety online. † (Information Shield,  2011). This act permits parents to review the information supplied by their children and remove any information the parent deems to be unsafe to disclose or inappropriate. This adds an additional safeguard against predators that could target children under the age of 13. Just like the CIPA, this act is not a one hundred percent guarantee of children’s safety from online predators but it does assist parents in the fight to keep their children safe. Conclusion While the Children’s Internet Protection Act and the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act are in place to protect our children from harmful and indecent material on the internet and from online predators, it is our responsibility as parents, adults, and caregivers to go the extra steps to better ensure the safety of our children. With so many children using social networking sites, like Facebook, it is even more important to find ways to protect them from predators that target children. There are many software options available for free or to purchase that add extra protection through the use of parental controls that can be downloaded to home computers and laptops that children use. But the strongest and most effective tool available to parents, adults, and caregivers is talking openly to children about the dangers that they may face on the internet. Just like we teach them to look both ways before crossing the road and not talk to strangers, it is just as important to teach them how to be safe while using the internet. References Federal Communications Commission. (n. d. ). Children’s Internet Protection Act. Retrieved from http://www. fcc. gov/guides/childrens-internet-protection-act   Information Shield. (2011). Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Retrieved from http://www. informationshield. com/coppaoverview. htm Smith, M. S. (2001). Internet – Protecting Children from Unsuitable Material and Sexual Predators: Overview and Pending Legislation: RS20036. Congressional Research Service: Report, 1. How to cite Bis/220 Information Technology Acts, Essays

Enterprise Bargaining under Fair Works Act - 2009

Question: Discuss about the Report for Enterprise Bargaining under Fair Works Act, 2009. Answer: Introduction Employment relations have evolved overtime and have become fairer towards employees. In Australia, the trade unions became visible after the industrial revolution in 1860s and 70s. The transition of various trade and labor acts throughout the 19th century, legalize the collective negotiation for employees so as to negotiate with employers for wages and workplace conditions [1]. Enterprise bargaining is valuable workplace tool which helps in creating flexible enterprises with higher productivity levels. With the increased productivity levels, the workers can earn higher wages and even employers can earn higher profits [2]. The process of collective bargaining and agreement making forms a crucial part of Australian industrial relations. The trade unions were able to gain their rights after the legalization related to collective bargaining and negotiation. Enterprise bargaining agreements were introduced in Australia in 1991 and became popular during 1990s [3]. Before 2009 there was a d emand for new workplace practices for the improvement of the productivity of employees which led to the implementation of the Fair work act. The Fair Work Act in 2009 made the enterprise agreements more simple and flexible. This act aimed at making employment relations simple, safe and more productive. This paper will critically analyze the impact of Fair Work Act 2009 on enterprise bargaining and agreements. This paper provides the detailed overview of Fair Work Act 2009 in regard to enterprise bargaining and its key aspects. This paper also provides the factors provided by the Fair Work Act which have been favorable for enterprise bargaining. This paper highlights the key arguments related to the process of enterprise bargaining. This paper evaluates if there exists a relationship between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth. The new workplace system was being created by Fair Work Act from 1st July 2009, with an aim to increase productivity through enterprise bargaining . About enterprise bargaining and agreements The enterprise bargaining refers to the negotiation between employees and individual organizations regarding wages and workplace conditions. After negotiation, the employers and employees, through trade unions, enter into enterprise agreements. Enterprise bargaining is a process which aims at creating an equitable and fair work culture. The fair work act 2009 replaced the various types of individual workplace agreements with a single agreement known as Enterprise Agreement. This Enterprise agreement is an agreement to which one or more national system employers enter with their employees through collective bargaining [4]. The Act has clearly established the rules and regulations regarding the process of enterprise bargaining. These agreements are related to wages, workplace conditions, and employment terms and could include anything which is lawful. The enterprise agreements usually constitute:- Terms and conditions underlying the relationship between employer and employees. The deductions from wages which are being authorized by the employees. Bray, M., Waring, P. Cooper, R. (2011). Employment Relations: Theory and Practice. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. The date of validity which is usually 4 years from the approval of Fair Work Commission. In case of dispute, the method to be adopted for dispute resolution. These Enterprise agreements can be three types: - Single enterprise agreement, Multi enterprise agreement and Greenfields agreements. The Single enterprise agreement is between single employers and its employees and multi enterprise agreement is made between two or more employers and their employees [5] .The Greenfields agreement is between new enterprise of employer and its employees and it can be single or multi enterprise agreement. These enterprise agreements are preferred by employers as well as employees as they effectively replace awards and are flexible in nature. As per the opinion of corporate, the industry awards were quite complex and it was cumbersome for them to calculate different terms for each and every employee. Thus enterprise agreement is being preferred by employees due to higher wage rates and also being liked by the employer as it is easy and simple to implement. These agreements are being proposed through collective discussion of employers, employees and their bargaining representatives. Once the enterprise agreement is being drafted it is being approved by the Fair Work Commission. The Enterprise agreement cannot include anything which is unlawful in nature such as any term which is in contravention to the protections provisions provided by Fair Work Act 2009. In case of unlawful content it would be rejected by the Fair Work Commission. Bamber, G.,Lansbury, R. D. and Wailes, N. (2010).International Comparative Employment Relations: Globalisation and Change, Fifth Edition. Crow Nest, NSW :Allen Unwin. Enterprise bargaining under the present Fair Work Act 2009 The main objective of Fair Work Act 2009 was to promote productivity as well as fairness by placing emphasis on enterprise bargaining [6]. The Work Choices restricted collective bargaining and limited the enterprise agreements but Fair Work Act recognized the benefits being offered by enterprise bargaining. This act aimed at making employers more responsible towards their employees by encouraging enterprise agreement. This act makes enterprise bargaining and agreements favorable for both employers as well as employees. This enterprise bargaining have led to higher wages as compared to the awards. The enterprise bargaining makes employer flexible and simple to operate which results in increased productivity. Fair Work Act has been developed around collective bargaining and enterprise agreements. The employees have gained in terms of higher wages after the implementation of this act[7]. The employers have realized that they cannot avoid negotiation and enterprise agreements anymore due to strict enforcement of this act. The Arguments which favors enterprise bargaining under present Fair Work Act 2009 can be broadly classified as below:- The act provides one enterprise agreement and it also provides enforceable right to employees for collective bargaining and agreement [8]. On 1st July 2009 all types of existing individual workplace agreements were being replaced by one enterprise agreement. In case employers are ready for enterprise agreement then employees can contact Fair Work commission (FWC). This act has made FWC responsible for handing disputes related to enterprise bargaining. Though the act scraps all statutory individual contracts but an employer and employee can enter into individual flexibility arrangement so as to meet the employees genuine needs. In case employee wants flexible working hours to look after his family, the same can be done through individual flexibility agreement. In case the enterprise agreement has to be withdrawn then employees agreement is required. Employers dont have the power to withdraw from agreement without the agreement of employees. The Act provides rights to both employer and employee to appoint a bargaining representative for negotiations. Thus both the parties can negotiate effectively by appointing representatives. The employers are required to mention the employees covered under enterprise agreement for example they can choose workers. The enterprise agreement is applicable to all categories of employees as mentioned in agreement as they cannot opt out of it. The Act facilitates equality bargaining so as to serve the interests of female employees. With the increased female workforce it is important to have equality bargaining (Baird Williamson, 2009). The act has made the bargaining environment more women friendly. The act provides permit the unions to hold discussion meeting with workers, thus, making it easier for employees to access union for the purpose of collective bargaining.[9] The Fair work Act, 2009, has expanded the scope of enterprise agreement by expanding permitted matters to be included. [10] This Act has encouraged the collective bargaining among low paid employees through the low paid bargaining stream. Historically, these workers never engaged in collective bargaining and enterprise agreement. [11] All the enterprise agreements must be approved by Fair Works Commission. The authority approves this agreement only if: - it does not contain any unlawful term, the employees have genuinely agreed to the same and it meets national employment standards. [12] In order to facilitate bargaining process, Fair Work Australia plays a supervisory role to ensure good faith in collective bargaining. The act lays down the requirements related to good faith bargaining which is required to be followed during the negotiation for the enterprise agreement. These requirements relate to the process of negotiation. [13] FWC provides for Majority Support Determination which provides rights to both employers and employees to start negotiation related to proposed enterprise agreement. In case majority of employees agree to the agreement but employer refuses then FWC can intervene to make Majority Support Determination. [14] The Fair Work Act 2009 have retained the industrial relations safety net and provided the new modern awards to ensure occupational safety. The Act requires the employers to meet the minimum standards as per National Employment Standards so as to ensure employees are in a position to bargain for better work conditions. However, there are certain arguments present under Fair Work Act, 2009 which criticize the process of enterprise bargaining. These criticisms are as below:- Fair Work Act, 2009 has been able to improve the wages of the employees but the act has not led to any improvement in productivity. As per employers the act provides too much power to employees due to which they had been able to negotiate wage increase without any commitment to productivity improvement [15]. As per employer there had been limited scope of enterprise agreement under Fair Work Act 2009 and it does not support clauses for productivity and competitiveness. Fair work act have made the union more powerful due to which employers are not in a position to bargain fairly. The employers fear that their production process may suffer due to the union strike due to which they are not able to negotiate effectively. The review of Fair Work Act 2009 suggests that the act has not been able to make any significant contribution to the decreasing productivity. Rather with the increase in wages has led to increase in cost and have hampered the economic competitiveness [16]. The act does nothing for employees of small businesses and provides no recommendations for same. Thus these employees remain out of enterprise bargaining process. The Fair Work Act 2009 have increased the regulations for employers which makes them difficult to compete economically and reduces the bargaining power of employers. Fair Work Ombudsman The Fair Work Ombudsman is a regulatory body who is concerned with providing advice related to national workforce system and implements laws related to the workplace [17]. The responsibilities of FWO include:- Providing information related to the Australias national workplace relations system. To ensure the compliance of workplace laws and nations standards. To educate people about their work rights and obligations. To develop harmonious and productive workplace relationship. To conduct workplace audits to ensure the compliance of workplace laws. To investigate the complaints related to workplace aspects such as under payment or delayed payment of wages. FWO acts as a workplace regulator which exists to ensure the smooth functioning of business as it addresses the barriers to employment relations [18]. The FWO maintains a strong relationship with trade unions, employers and businesses for effective workplace management. Fair Work commission The Fair Work commission is a workplace relations tribunal which carries out the range of administrative functions to ensure smooth employment relations [19]. The functions of fair work commission include:- Setting of industrial awards, minimum wages and work conditions requirements. Facilitating enterprise bargaining and agreements. It also facilitates good faith in bargaining. Intervening and resolving the industrial disputes. Facilitating and resolving bargaining disputes. Resolving the disputes relating to the enterprise agreements. Disputes relating the protections provided by Fair Work Act 2009. It acts as a workplace authority which facilitates the provisions as mentioned in Fair Work Act 2009. The commission facilitates employees, employers, trade unions and employer associations in enterprise bargaining and enterprise agreement. FWC plays an important role in developing harmonious work relationship between employers and employees. It provides assistance related to issues covered by Fair Works Act, 2009. The Linkage between enterprise bargaining Productivity Growth. The Enterprise bargaining when initially gained popularity in 1990s was seen as a stimulant to the productivity growth. It is a widespread belief that enterprise bargaining has favorable effects on productivity. Even government believed that with the increase in wages the worker would be motivated to work efficiently. However, there was no evidence to prove that the enterprise bargaining increased productivity levels. As per the data from Business Longitudinal study, which studied different firms for three years, it was found that the individual firms having simple production function registered a higher productivity with enterprise agreements in place [20]. Despite these findings, it is very difficult to establish any direct relationship between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth. Numerous economists believe that there is no relationship between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth. Some economists believe that individual contracts increase productivity but it is evidence from New Zealand wherein the system of individual contract hampered the productivity during 1990s [21]. On the Contrary, Western Australia recorded higher labour productivity after it repealed workplace agreements. Thus it can be said that there is no direct relationship exist between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth. Many academicians argue that there is a link between enterprise bargaining and productivity growth, though the research have not been able to establish any relationship. The Fair Work Act 2009 was implemented with an aim to increase productivity and employment fairness through collective bargaining. Though the economists believe there is no relationship between legislation and productivity but there are linkages between industrial deregulation and productivity (McCallum, Moore Edwards, 2012). It is being presumed that lesser the regulations result in higher productivity. Though the Fair Work Act aims at reducing the regulations but still it is being criticized for hampering productivity. The government has received various recommendations to amend Fair Work Act so as to improve productivity. But the fact is productivity is dependent on enterprise bargaining. Australia has multi factor production system which has faced stagnant productivity from last few years [22]. These multiple factors influence productivity and the productivity is being affected by different factors at different times. Hence it is will be unfair to relate productivity to a single factor. Thus it would be unfair to blame Fair Work Act for the movements of productivity. In order to increase productivity following steps can be taken:- The FWA and Fair work Ombudsman should run a campaign to increase awareness about the measures which should be adopted by the businesses to increase productivity. As productivity is dependent on multiple factors hence overall recommendations should be made to improve productivity. The employers should indulge in productivity bargaining by introducing productivity clause in enterprise bargaining. The enterprise bargaining should focus on boosting productivity which will benefit both employees and employers. Conclusion Before 2009 there was a constant demand for fair and equitable employment laws and the Fair Work Act was implemented in order to create fairness in employment relations. Enterprise bargaining is considered to be beneficial for workers and productivity and hence this Act formed to encourage enterprise bargaining. The Fair Work Act 2009 has significantly improved the enterprise bargaining in Australia and led to an increase in wages of workers. This act has been an effective legislation which has improved the overall working conditions of the workers. The act has improved the safety and has provided multiple protections to employees. The act has been appreciated by employers too as it has made the business operations simple and flexible. However, this act is being criticized for hampering productivity as it provides the limited scope for employers to bargain for productivity. It has been established by the researchers that there is no linkage between enterprise bargaining and productiv ity growth. In order to resolve the productivity problem of Australia, alternate steps should be taken. Enterprise bargaining has its own benefits and it has improved the workplace relations in Australia after the implementation Fair Work Act 2016. Bibliography About Us. (2016). Fair Work Commission. Retrieved from:- https://www.fwc.gov.au/about-us About Us. (2016). Fair Work Ombudsman. Retrieved from:- https://www.fairwork.gov.au/about-us/our-vision/strategic-intent Baird, M., Frino, B. Williamson, S. (2009) .Paid maternity and paternity leave and the emergence of Equality bargaining in Australia: An analysis of Enterprise Agreements, 20032007. Australian Bulletin of Labour, 35(4),671-691. Baird, M. and Williamson, S. (2009). Women, Work and Industrial Relations in 2008. Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(3). Bray, M., Waring, P. Cooper, R. (2011). Employment Relations: Theory and Practice. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. Bamber, G.,Lansbury, R. D. and Wailes, N. (2010).International Comparative Employment Relations: Globalisation and Change, Fifth Edition. Crow Nest, NSW :Allen Unwin. Beggs,J.J. Chapman,B.J.(1987) .Australian strike activity in an international context: 19641985.Journal of Industrial Relations,29(2):13749. Cooper,R. Ellem,B.(2008). The neo-liberal state, trade unions and collective bargaining in Australia.British Journal of Industrial Relations,46(3):53254. Cooper, R. and Ellem, B. (2009). Fair Work and the Re-regulation of Collective Bargaining. Australian Journal of Labour Law, 22 (3), 284305. Gahan, P. and Pekarek A. (2013). The Rise and Rise of Enterprise Bargaining In Australia : 1991-2011. Labour and Industry, 22(3), 195-222. Gilson, C. (2013). Enterprise Bargaining In Australia : Canadian Reflections. Labour Industry. Retrieved from:- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10301763.1991.10669097?journalCode=rlab20 Giudice, G. (2012). The review of Fair Work Act and its Implications. Insights, 12. Retrieved from :- https://insights.unimelb.edu.au/vol12/03_Giudice.htmlLansbury, R.D. (2009) .Workplace democracy and the global financial crisis: Implications for Australia. Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(5): 599616.McCallum, R., Moore, M. and Edwards, J. (2012). Towards More Productive and Equitable Workplaces: An Evaluation of the Fair Work legislation. Report of the Fair Work Act Review, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Canberra.Peetz, D. (2005). Trend analysis of union membership. Australian Journal of Labour Economics, 8(1), 1-24.Peetz, D. (2006). Brave New Workplace: How Individual Contracts are Changing our Jobs. Sydney: Allen Unwin. Section 172 (2016). Fair Work Act, 2009. Retrieved from:- https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/fwa2009114/s172.html Section 228 (2016). Fair Work Act, 2009. Retrieved from :- https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/legislation/fw_act/fw_act-01.htm#P3767_354759 Section 229 (2016). Fair Work Act, 2009. Retrieved from :- https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/legislation/fw_act/fw_act-01.htm#P3767_354759 Section 230 (2016). Fair Work Act, 2009. Retrieved from :- https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/legislation/fw_act/fw_act-01.htm#P3767_354759 Section 235 (2016). Fair Work Act, 2009. Retrieved from :- https://www.fwc.gov.au/documents/documents/legislation/fw_act/fw_act-01.htm#P3767_354759 Section 484 (2016). Fair Work Act, 2009. Retrieved from:- https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fwa2009114/s484.html

How to Build Your Own WordPress Auction Site With WooCommerce

Want to build your own WordPress auction site like eBay? Thanks to WooCommerce and some add-ons, its surprisingly easy to start running WordPress auctions.Now, you might not become quite as large as eBay, but you can still do some pretty cool things for surprisingly cheap!In this post, Im going to share a step-by-step guide for how you can easily create your own WordPress auction site using WooCommerce and another plugin. First of all, youll need to find a WordPress hosting account and a domain name. Quite often you find a hosting provider with free domain names provided. In addition, its not a bad idea to consider a hosting account that has specialized WooCommerce hosting.After that, here are the essentials for running WordPress auctions:The WooCommerce pluginThe YITH WooCommerce Auctions pluginAn SSL certificate for accepting payments securely. Many hosts offer free, easy-to-use Lets Encrypt certificates, nowadays.How to create a WordPress auction site like eBayOnce youve installed WordPress on a host with an SSL certificate, youre ready to install WooCommerce and create your WordPress auction site.Heres the step-by-step guide to everything youll need to doStep 1: Install WooCommerceWooCommerce is the plugin that turns your website into an eCommerce website. Its your eCommerce base that youll later turn into a custom auction site with a WooCommerce extension.To get started, download and install the WooCommerce plugin. Check out our WooCommerce tutorial if you need help configuring the basic WooCommerce settings. WooCommerce Author(s): AutomatticCurrent Version: 3.7.1Last Updated: October 9, 2019woocommerce.3.7.1.zip 92%Ratings 77,312,503Downloads WP 4.9+Requires Thats pretty much all you  have to do. After the activation, youll find the WooCommerce tab in your dashboard, along with extra tabs for products and other items.The only problem is that your current eCommerce site doesnt support auctions. To fix that, youll install the YITH WooCommerce plug in.Step 2: Install YITH WooCommerce AuctionsThe majority of the reputable auction plugins are paid. You can find a few on CodeCanyon, but one of the most popular is called YITH WooCommerce Auctions. It costs 81 Euro, or around $95 USD at the time of this article.Add the plugin to your shopping cart and walk through the process of paying for and downloading the plugin.Once you have it installed and activated  in your dashboard, youll need to locate your license activation information in your YITH account. Navigate to the YITH Plugins tab in your dashboard and click on License Activation. Here, you paste in your license key. Make sure you click on the Activate button to complete the process.Step 3: Configure the YITH settingsBefore getting started with adding products and running auctions, its essential to make sure all settings are correct.The options that are already  checked off work pretty well for getting a basic  auction site up and running.For instance, youll most likely want to show your auctions on the Shop page.I recommend scrolling through these settings to see which are the most important for your business.In addition to the defaults, the settings I would personally  select include the following:Hiding out-of-stock auctions A customer wouldnt be too happy to win an auction and realize that the product isnt in stock.Hiding closed options This reasoning is the same as hiding out-of-stock auctions.Show buttons in product page This makes it easier for people to increase and decrease their bids.Adjust the date format to fit your countrys norm.I would also want to have emails sent out before an auction ends. It might only be a few hours or minutes, but it gets people excited.Allow subscribe auction Of course you want users to subscribe to certain auctions.Automatic auction rescheduling You can automatically set an auction to reschedule if it has no bids.Once again, all of these settings are completely up to you. I simply want you to realize wh ere they are located and the purposes of each one. Finally, make sure you save the changes.Step 4: Create your first auctionManaging WordPress auctions is rather fun once you get the hang of it. YITH makes it easy to add your first product and get the auction rolling for your current users. You can even test it out beforehand with some friends to see how it works.In order to launch your first auction product, you utilize the WooCommerce portion of the equation. Go to Products Add New in the dashboard.Many of these settings are identical to the normal WooCommerce product options. But to specify that this is an auction product, you need to scroll down to the Product Data section.Use the drop-down menu to make this product an Auction item.Fill in information like the starting price, bid up, minimum increment amount, and the reserve price. You also have settings for auction dates, overtime, and tax status.This section may take you a few minutes to complete. Make sure to finish the rest of the product page as welllike the product name, description, and category before publishing your product.Step 5: Test out your WordPress auction site on the frontendYour WordPress auctions are now live on the WooCommerce Shop page. If you also have regular products, they are combined in the same gallery but differentiated with auction icons.Another way to include auctions on your website is by taking advantage of the YITH Auctions shortcode.All you have to do is go to any page on your website and paste in the  [yith_auction_products] shortcode. After publication, youll see the gallery of auctions.Finally, each product page with the auction categorization shows the time left in the auction, the current bid, and a field for the users to type in their bids. Its a simple and intuitive design that you have the opportunity to customize yourself with CSS.Step 6: Handling WordPress auctions and the resultsDuring and after an auction, the admin has to keep tabs on whats going on and ful fill the products as they sell.In order to do so, go to any product you currently have in an auction. Towards the very bottom of the dashboard product page there is a module with all of the bids currently made.If needed, you have the option to delete any bid. As for the orders, those are found in the Orders area of WooCommerce.At this point, you should have a working WordPress auction site!  Have any other questions about WordPress auctions? Leave a comment and well try to help out! Here's how to build your own #WordPress auction #website using @WooCommerce step by step

The Great Gatsby1 essays

The Great Gatsby1 essays Why did Daisy choose Tom in the end In the novel "The Great Gatsby", Daisy Buchanan was faced with an enormous decision. She had to choose between Tom; her husband and Jay Gatsby; her lover. Gatsby seemed to be the ideal man of his time. Fabulously wealthy, handsome, charismatic and intriguing, he seemed to be able to offer everything a woman could want. All he wanted in return was Daisys complete unconditional love. Tom, on the other hand could offer Daisy money, security and freedom. Ultimately Daisy chose the latter. The roaring 20s was an era of total decadence. The first World War had ended and industry was booming. People were becoming millionaires overnight. There seemed to be no end in sight to the prosperity. Although people were becoming rich quickly, old money provided more privilege than new money. Tom Buchanan came from old money. He was a Westerner who was renowned in college for both his football skills and his supremely decadent lifestyle. The narrator states "His family were enormously wealthy, even in college his freedom with money was a matter for reproach-but now hed left Chicago and come East in a fashion that rather took your breath away: for instance, he brought down a string of polo ponies from Lake Forest." Daisy chose to marry Tom because of his wealth and power. Fitzgerald writes "There was a wholesome bulkiness about his person and his position and Daisy was flattered." He could offer Daisy prestige in addition to all the old money one could dream of. Gatsby had made his money by illegal means. He was a nobody from nowhere and although he was rich beyond belief, he was one of the hundreds of nouveau riche who lacked the cache of the old money set. Although Gatsby could offer Daisy romance, love, excitement and intrigue, her need for security freedom a nd money made her eventually choose Tom. In terms of security, Tom could offer much more than G ...

International Finance (concept of value in corporate finance ) Essay

International Finance (concept of value in corporate finance ) - Essay Example In the statement of Broughton in regard to value, reference is also made to risk, as influencing value. The methods used for pricing risk are analyzed below. At the same time, the different levels of risk related to different cash flows are explained. In this way, the concept of value, which is highly influenced by risk, is made clearer. Being aware of value, as part of business environment, and risk, it is easier to understand the criteria on which the identification of a firm’s future value will be based. At a first level, the statement of Broughton (2010) on value and its role in business should be critically analyzed. Then it would be possible to explain the interaction between value and risk, as these two concepts can highly affect business processes. In any case, reference should be primarily made to the context of value; then, its aspects would be easier understood. Abrams (2004) notes that a general definition of value cannot reflect the precise nature or the role of v alue. However, Abrams (2004) explains that such definition cannot be rejected. Rather it should be used as the basis for developing an accurate definition of value. For example, reference can be made to the following definition: ‘value is a fair return or equivalent in goods, services or money for something exchanged’ (Abrams 2004, p.6). This definition is accurate, as possible; still, it is not effective enough for covering all aspects of the activities of a particular organization. The definition of business value provided by Babar (2010) reflects another aspect of the specific concept; according to the above researcher business value ‘is defined according to the level that the customer uses a particular product’ (Babar 2010, p.136). A series of standards, as for example ‘the Fair Market Value and the Investment Value’ (Abrams 2004, p.6) has been introduced for ensuring that the different aspects of value, as an element of the business enviro nment are made clear. Kontio and Conradi (2002) promote the following definition of value: ‘value is the trade-off between benefits and sacrifices’ (Kontio and Conradi 2002, p.260). It is also made clear that in business value can be related both to monetary and non-monetary elements; for example, in business area, value can be used for reflecting the position of an organization within the local or the international market (Kontio and Conradi 2002, p.260). Of course, the use of the term value for reflecting different aspects of organizational activities is always possible. For example, the term value can be use for showing the perceptions of a firm’s shareholders in regard to the financial status of their organization (Useem 1993); these perceptions are commonly described using the term shareholder value (Useem 1993). From a similar point of view, the term value can be used for showing the financial strength of an organization, as the firm’s managers evalu ate this strength after reviewing the firm’s financial performance but also its assets (Segal 2011). One of the key characteristics of

Private security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Private security - Research Paper Example The study by the Small Business Administration (SBA) in 2002, showed that 23.7% of small businesses fail within two years of start-ups, 51.7% fails after 4 years, 62.7% fails after 6 years and 80 % fails after 10 years (Rogers and Makonnen, 2002, p. 15). The latest statistics from the SBA shows that seven out of 10 new businesses survive at least two years and about 50% survive for only five years. As for 2008, there were 627,200 new business startups and 595,600 small business closures and 43, 546 bankruptcies. These success and failure trends do not vary greatly across different industries and sectors (score.org, 2009). Schaefer (2006) found that many entrepreneurs fail because they start their business for wrong decision and they run it with poor management. Those who failed with new businesses have been fund that they lack sufficient capital and proper planning. Many businesses fail due to its overexpansion and location factor as well. Small businesses failing mainly because it experiences a number of problems related to money, capital, management and planning as these are the key components to the success (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2009, p. 142). As detailed above, improper planning, insufficient capital and poor management are the major reasons for the failure of most small businesses. The major red flags or alerts of the failure of a business are high debt ratio, because giving too much credit to the customers will eventually cause business failure. Inadequate stock, poor management, declining working capital and selling the goods below the cost price due to fierce rigorous competition are some other factors that very often cause failure of small businesses. Strong cash flow is critical to the business success and thus many businesses fail because it lacks sufficient cash flow. When the business is experiencing gross loss and net loss, the outcome is that business will ultimately fail. Better management skill is

Causes and consequences of childhood poverty

Causes and consequences of childhood poverty Anyone doing background research into the causes of child poverty will soon learn that parental income is only one of a large network of interrelated factors. To name a few; political, communal, environmental, and societal influences all play a role. As an example consider that; with the ever progressive move from a widespread agricultural, to a more localised industrial society, the number of jobs in many areas has decreased severely. And so the average number of non-educated workmen (or women) has subsequently decreased also. More and more Britains are joining the ranks of the poor each day (roughly 2,000). And with parents out of work and not earning, children will suffer as a result. Every day 1 in every 4 children is born into poverty. (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1995) This can lead to a number of consequences in children, which follows with them throughout adolescence and into adulthood. For example, children who grow up in families with a low income are more likely to experience mental health problems, and more likely to develop unhealthily. Greg Duncan found associations between poverty and poor health, cognitive development, behaviour, emotional well being and academic achievement. He also found that pregnant mothers who have insufficient resources such as food and warmth are 1.7 times more likely to give birth to a low weight baby, that child is then 2 times more likely to drop out of school, and 3.1 times more likely have an out of wed-lock birth (Duncan 1997). Although short term poverty can be overcome and the effects are reversible, long term poverty can be destructive on a childs life. Duncan found that children who had experienced 4-5 years of their early years of life in poverty, achieved a full 9 year decline on intelligence test scores compared to children from healthy backgrounds (Duncan 1997). The standards of living associated with children from poor families can have a negative effect on their health. For example, they are more vulnerable to asthma due to poor ventilation, as well as pneumonia due to poor insulation. Interestingly, they are also more vulnerable to developing obesity since a high carbohydrate, processed diet is the cheaper option. Those children are often excluded from participating in social activities, through both financial disadvantages as well as feeling the pressure of social stigma which can develop from having to dress inappropriately, or through receiving charity food, books, furniture and other necessities. It leads to a loss of self esteem, can be de-motivating, leads to less elevation after the simplest of pleasures, and poor ability to cope with stressful situations. Not only are they more likely to develop psychological problems as a result, these effects last longer than in those who are well off. And this leads to a vicious cycle of depression, leading to increased likelihood of a stressful event, leading to further depression. In Novaks (1995) view, this can lead to long term, irreversible changes in personality, such as; self defeatist attitudes, hopelessness, helplessness, low motivation, low drive, bitterness, aggressiveness and anti social personality disorder. Children with the latter are seen to be impulsive, have high sensation seeking, but without sense of morals or justice. It is often associated with young offenders, school drop outs, and those serving long term sentences. For these reasons, it is necessary for social workers; to get into family homes, assess their state of living, their needs, risk factors, problems, difficulties and anything else that is helpful for them to make an accurate evaluation, and to give them a better understanding. Late interventions can be damaging, for the longer things are kept untreated the harder they are to change. It is important that children are given opportunities in life to maximise their potential and make a contribution to society. Without the proper gui dance and support, they are likely to sink further and further. So it is clear that help is required. There has long been argument that to tackle poverty, social work (SW) would do best to position itself in and against the state. Workers are known to follow law, policy, the rules and regulations of agencies etc, whilst at the same time assuming a flexible role in relation to the safeguarding and supporting of individuals and families. (Bailey and Brake, 1975; Corrigan and Leonard, 1978; Bolger et al., 1981; Becker and MacPherson, 1988; Adams et al., 1998) Childhood poverty holds great relevance for social workers for it defines their very existence. If the role of social workers is to promote well being in the community, and to help young individuals achieve their potential and to function in society, then those in poverty will be the people who need help most. The Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey (PSE Survey, Joseph Rowntree Foundation 1999), which collected a number of individuals portraying an average society, found that 28% of the population were in poverty. Each of them were presented with 52 cards, each revealing an object or activity, such as central heating, a computer, going to the cinema. They were instructed to form two piles; one for items they believed were vital for living, the other for those which were not. For all those items where the majority voted them to be vital, researchers concluded that every person should have at least these in their lives. Social workers may use this as a base line when assessing families, and when children lack any (or all) of these so called necessities (i.e. are in poverty) then help should be provided; for without it, children will likely grow up depressed, suicidal or conversely, aggressive and violent. Children are vulnerable to feelings of hopelessness due to this lack of necessities.A build up of long term worries accompanying a loss of control combined with a sense of dependence, is likely to lead to distress. Chronic anxiety and even depression is not uncommon, which can be exacerbated by an oppressive society. Children from poorer backgrounds are well recognised as they are the ones who do not go on school trips, may dress differently to the rest, not have the correct equipment in lessons, have a more definable smell (not a pleasant one) etc. For those who spend time with such children it is likely they will be excluded from social groups as a result; for they become associated with the outsider and so they themselves are now too an outsider. Society recognises and treats differently any person (adults too) who stands out for whatever reason good or bad. Of course they are no different from the next person; however it is because others see them as different that they are made to feel paranoid. Paranoid that wherever they are people are staring at them, talking about them, thinking all sorts of thoughts. It is enough to cause any child, adult, man or woman huge distress and can affect their ability to be trusting around complete strangers. Constantly obsessing over ones situation will inevitably drain a child of their strength and make them feel weak, which subsequently will increase the level of stress felt. Here can be seen a vicious cycle, one which is hard to recover from without the appropriate help. Furthermore, it is often the case that parents are made to feel just as bad, if not worse. The negativity that radiates off of a child is bound to have implications, especially when he/she cannot have things that all their friends can. Parents have failed as providers and this can lead to a loss of motivation and of despair. So, childhood poverty causes a knock on effect for the rest of the family, and therefore makes it more probable they will seek social services aid. For example, schoolyard bullying can decrease a childs self esteem and affect their ability to form secure, long term relationships. This can lead to turmoil between parents and children, for parents will feel they have lost family connections. As a result, they become depressed and will seek guidance in parenting techniques. Another example would be a child whose parent cannot afford to buy them nice things such as clothes, toys or school equipment. Daily exposure to those who do have such possessions is likely to cause the child jealousy and envy; both at those children who take luxuries for granted, and also at their parents for not being able to provide. Because of the psychological issues that this can lead to, it is likely the child grows up with a desire to steal, spawned from a lifetime of unfulfilment. If they however, grow up with certain morals and choose not to steal, it is still possible that they resort to drugs/and or alcohol as a means of coping. Coping with the consuming hatred and loathe of society that has become them. Families in poverty are less able to provide for themselves, and so there is large chance that children will have to be taken away into care. Thus, a great deal of social workers time is spent within and around those in poverty (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1995; Becker 1997; Smale et. al. 2000; Social Exclusion Unit, 2004). Childhood poverty can lead to severe ramifications, both physical and mental, some of which people recover from in time while others can be long lasting. It is considered the universal belief poverty is as much a cause as well as an effect of mental health problems (Langner Michael, 1963). Evidence for this comes from impoverished families from lower class areas. Not only are these areas receiving low government funding they also have little support from neighbouring councils; research shows that these areas have the largest number of children with mental health problems (Department of Health, 1999b). It is clear that the linearity between poverty and wellbeing is long winded. Two possible theories however have met support, both social causation (breeder) (SC) and social selection (drift) (SS). SS describes how the accumulation of adolescents suffering mental issues, who live in poor areas, is the result of a continuous drifting towards the lower spectrum of education and while losing contact with social networks. In contrast, SC describes how a neglected socio-economic climate can have negative consequences on childhood well being to start with. From this it is to be concluded that: poor children have lifelong experience living in high risk areas, risk defined as: high chance of unemployment, growing up to rely on benefits, of teenage pregnancies, families separated, crime, street violence, rape, vandalism, malnutrition, obesity etc. Those at high risk are more likely to experience mental problems because their minds are already overburdened with every day worry. Furthermore, those at high risk are less likely to be treated for their illness because the local medical facilities are of low quality, have fewer staff and are constantly over worked. Child poverty therefore starts within neglected communities and leads to a number of psychological issues. A further difficulty is that the increase in mentally disturbed individuals can further exacerbate the ability to cope in others. That is, exposure to stressors causes stress, therefore numbers are constantly rising. There is large evidence for a correlation between low income and lack of support, and increased probability of contracting mood disorder. According to SC, the most contributory factor is the mental strain which results from all those issues associated with poverty so far mentioned, for example misfortune or wretchedness, death or separation within the family. While SS explains those born with a predisposition towards developing mood disorders will drift to such low stances, and be unable to crawl back upwards (Jarvis, 1971). Researchers found that when children were taken from their homes and placed into the care of middle class families then the number of those children who subsequently developed mood, or any other form of mental disorder subsequently reduced. This proves that economic status (ES) is an important factor, however it is likely to be the case ES leads to numerous other contributing factors rather than being sole contributor (Bruce Hoff, 1994). Factors include; access to a good education, support from extended family members, healthy living and nourishment, praise and encouragement from parents, etc. I spoke of psychological issues that rise from deprivation. It is a sad fact that children in poverty are often the topic of conversation among others. They are ridiculed, gossiped about, and excluded from social gatherings and out of school activities. It is as if the impoverished are viewed as if they have the plague. Common descriptions, taken from national surveys include words such as lazy, worthless, inferior, and undeserving. This misconception of the poor being the cause for their own predicament, not only removes any possible blame from neglected political responsibilities (which contribute largely), but also creates what psychologists termed a self fulfilling prophecy. This theory is based on the belief that beliefs shape and influence actions. By this one means; those who are seen as inferior are likely to be treated as inferior. So much so that they actually become inferior because of the lack of social support available. Children are particularly vulnerable to the influe nce of their social networks, because they are still developing and creating identities for themselves. The idea of a looking glass self is of relevance here also (Cooley 1902), which theorises that childrens self concepts are based on what others portray. There is high chance that their actual and their perceived self identity become misconstrued, if and when evidence from external sources supports the latter. They familiarise with the concept that they are weak individuals, and the negative emotions that accompany this such as self doubt, or guilt. It is important to recognise the relevance here for social workers, because this part of society categorised as lower class citizens will benefit the most from services such as child support, child therapy, connexions, EMA, every child matters and so on. And so in response to all this, SW agencies have implemented numerous partnership schemes; the women, infant and children (WIC) nutrition programme for example, which is designed to get pregnant women and children under 5 eating more healthily, Head Start provides low cost day care to children from families earning less than the 60% threshold of the average family, and many areas now even have schemes to provide low cost/free health insurance for children of all ages. It is up to the SW to assess families/individuals and to determine their eligibility for government aid. For those who are suffering from mental health as a result of poverty, SWs are able to put them in touch with professionals who can help and advise. For those who have very few or none of the necessities from the PSE Survey SWs can organise for clubs where the children can go meet peers and to join in social activities. For parents who have racked up a series of debt SWs are able to help them devise a set of preliminary steps in a certain time period resulting in a more secure financial situation (See Task Centred Practice). Clients often give off negative reviews of SW because it has failed to be of any use with real concerns; state of housing, living, etc. But task centred practice can actually be therapeutic, because it is the client who becomes the changing agent, deciding which problems they want to tackle and in what order. By using this, service providers are employing a learning experience. One which relies on both self growth and skills development, whilst addressing the more important issues. But what issues should the SW investigate first? It would be a logical idea to get right back to the start and look at what caused the families decline into poverty. Here lies a problem however, for there are different theories on what the main area of focus should be; some theories blame the individual while others focus on the failings of society. Because of this conflict in ideas it can prove difficult for SWs to accurately make assessments, or come to an agreement with each other when conducting a review. Below are a number of theories on the causes of poverty, to give an idea of these so mentioned conflicts. Firstly, explanations can be fit into three main areas; functionalist, individualistic, and Structural (Marxist). So to start, functionalists focus on the idea that any form of poverty, be it adult, child or both, proves necessary, for without it society would not govern properly. Naturally such a statement has spawned a great deal of controversy; however the theory is conceivable because it is based on logistics. Society is viewed on a grander scale than simply the here and now. And so by applying somewhat of a utilitarianistic approach, rather than considering individuals, it looks at the whole picture. Philosophers such as Herbert Gans (1971) have made contributions to this, suggesting that poverty benefits the non poor and also the rich and powerful, who therefore have a vested interest in maintaining poverty. He further suggested 5 reasons why he believed poverty is acceptable. There will always be a need for individuals to fit the jobs seen as dirty, demeaning, and without prospects. Those in poverty would rather do these than starve. Those born into poverty will grow up to replace their parents and so the cycle continues. Industries require minimum wage (or lower) work staff in order to maintain profit margins. Those in poverty are generally of low/no qualification status and so are not liable to receive higher pay. Those born into poverty generally receive poorer education than most and so are just as unlikely to receive desirable qualifications as did their parents. Without poverty, there would be a loss of jobs for those individuals who strive to combat poverty, such as social workers. A large proportion of social work revolves around work with children, so if all child poverty was resolved then many social workers would find it is they who are in need of support. Furthermore, it would also reduce the profits of wholesalers who rely on the desperation of those in poverty. Children often find there is little in the form of food at home, and so any money they have goes towards buying whatever is cheapest from stores. Poverty provides a measure of comparison for those of low opinion of their situation, and works to reassure them that there will always be people worse off than they themselves. This is true for all age groups. The media uses those in poverty as scapegoats whenever anything goes wrong in society, such as incidents of crime, rape or violence. With no one to speak out for them, the blame resides. Children are seen as vandals, and so by putting the blame on them the media is protecting societies own mistakes. Gans makes it clear that he does support poverty; he states that Phenomena like poverty can be eliminated only when they become dysfunctional for the affluent or powerful, or when the powerless can obtain enough power to change society. From looking at this, one may conclude that the reason for child poverty is because people are allowing it to happen in the first place. An increasing number of adult workers are being rid of the opportunity to earn a stable income, and so their families will suffer as a consequence. Although this not explain what the actual cause is, it does give us an understanding of why child poverty has become such a widespread issue, and why not more has been done to prevent it. Individualists are of the opinion that people are responsible for their circumstances, and have devised several theories of their own. Firstly is the idea of culture, which draws from the research of Oscar Lewis (1966) on Puerto Rican and Mexican families. He acknowledged that children are brought up to appreciate certain values, which they identify with themselves and in time teach their own offspring thus continuing the cycle. And so for those families in poverty, who have low self esteem, motivation, a sense of helplessness etc, they will pass on their negative attitudes through each generation. They will also pass on (through learning and modelling) their negative behaviours, such as drinking, violence, staying at home and not finding work, adultery, divorce, etc. And so this creates a culture of poverty, the fundamental cause being family (specifically parental) influences on their children. Lewis has been challenged because he does not offer a suggestion as to what causes poverty to begin with. Furthermore, it was suggested that children in poverty are no different in terms of beliefs, values, or personalities than those from middle or upper class families. The differences there are, are between income, opportunities for skills, learning and development. And so the alternative suggestion is that the so called culture of poverty is a result of responses of living that parents bring to their children. Secondly is the idea of a cycle of deprivation, which is based on the works of Sir Keith Joseph (1970). He suggested that the causes of poverty stem beyond social status, and move into the domain of family problems. By this Sir Keith was referring to, for example cognitive skills, social skills, personality, health and development, etc. Now consider human relationships, what attracts people? More often than not we search for those who hold similarities to ourselves. Therefore, children in poverty, with their existing family problems, will grow up to form relationships with those who similarly have grown up in poverty and have their own family problems. The resulting offspring from such couples will inevitably follow the same patterns of development and hold similar preferences once they reach adulthood themselves. And so the cycle is endless. Child poverty results from both parents growing up in a relatively similar way. Sir Keith has been challenged just like Lewis, for not explaining how poverty actually starts, but also because it was suggested that not all children end up like their parents, and a number of them can in fact escape the cycle. Opportunities may arise for children that did not arise for their parents, they may form relationships with different kinds of people, or they may show a compassion for achieving that, although did not come from either parent, was just good fortune. And finally is the concept of underclass, which Jones and Novak(1999) describe as a brutal victim-blaming theory. They went on to write how poverty is caused by peoples behaviours and not their circumstances. For example there are many who go through periods of unemployment, are made redundant from current jobs, or who lose money due to household repairs, hospital bills, child support, etc. But of those people, not all of them sink into deprivation, the majority pick themselves up and go on to find something else, or look for support from friends and family until something comes along. Novak and Jones saw the problem to be those who come to rely on income support as a way of living. They were even more so concerned with the children who grow up in impoverished families, learning destructive values and beliefs and growing up to become delinquents. For these, poverty will continue across generations to come. Arguments against the underclass concept revolve around the fact that it negates consideration of structural factors as a cause of poverty, and the lack of evidence to support any of the suggestions made. Despite the criticisms to Individualistic theories, they still hold a high power in modern society. Politicians like Tony Blair for example have stated: This cycle of deprivation is bad for everyone. But it is particularly unfair for children who miss out on opportunities because they inherit the disadvantage faced by their parents, so their life chances are determined by where they come from rather than who they are. The final theory looks at structural explanations for child poverty, primarily directed at the economic standards for any area, child development services on offer, and various other components which form the foundations for living. Supporters of this view takes a Marxist approach; that a class system is necessary, for those at the higher end rely on those at the lower end to provide them with work staff, who they exploit and employ on menial wages. And so there will always be poverty, well at least until capitalism is defeated. Or when society moves towards equality of all its members irrespective of their situation and/or upbringing. Such a concept seems unlikely, as it lacks a sense of fairness to those who see themselves as more deserving. Although it is a misconception that those people in poverty have brought it upon themselves, there is a grain of truth in the matter. The actuality is that those well off have earned it, through hard work and good business sense, while many of those in poverty never managed to do well in school, missed out on opportunities, and failed to achieve. Child poverty results from a continuation of generations of un-achievers, and so there will always be able bodies to recruit into the unprofessional workforce. Marxists go on further to suggest that SW is another of lifes necessities, because social workers ensure that poverty is kept stable. They argue that SW does not aim to cure poverty, nor does it aim to remove people from their impoverished lives. Rather, SW looks to protect the well being of individuals and keeps them from distressing and becoming incapable of work. To do this, workers take service users focus away from blaming the system, and persuade them to look at faults of their own, their shortcomings and their failures. By doing this, SW manages to halt any challenge to the system that individuals may pose such as groups forming who speak out against the oppressors. In conclusion, there are numerous causes for child poverty, but at its roots the government has stated that worklessness is their primary concern, which interacts alongside with family dysfunction, neglect and insecure attachments, low quality day-care and schooling, and state of neighbourhood. With fewer work opportunities more people are having to settle for meagre salaries until something better comes along (which it wont). There is also an increase in the number of single parents, due to increases in death rates and divorce among the poor. With only one source of income, and a loss of support when it comes to raising children, single parents are forced to depend on income support. As a result, they will never manage to find their way out of poverty. References Bailey and Brake, Corrigan and Leonard, Bolger, Becker and MacPherson, Adams, The British Journal of Social Work; Poverty and Social Justice, Oxford Journals, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1988, 1998. Blair, T. Breaking the Cycle: Taking stock of progress and priorities for the future; A Report by the Social Exclusion Unit. The Office of the Deputy Prime Minister; London. ODPM publications, 2004. Bruce, M. L. Hoff, R. A. Social and physical health risk factors for first-onset major depressive disorder in a community sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 29, 165-171, 1994 Cooley, C. Human Nature and the Social Order, New York: Charles Scribners Sons, revised edn, 1922 Denham, A. Garnett, M. From the cycle of enrichment to the cycle of deprivation: Sir Keith Joseph, problem families and the transmission of disadvantage. Policy Press; Benefits, Volume 10,Number 3, pp. 193-198(6), 1 October 2002 Department of Health Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation. London: Stationery Office, 1999b Duncan, G. J. Brooks-Gunn, J. Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York: Russell Sage, 1997 Gans, H. The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All, Social Policy: pp20-24, July/ August 1971 Jarvis, E. (1971) Insanity and Idiosy in Massachusetts: Report of the Commission of Lunacy, 1855. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971 Jones, C and Novak, T. Poverty, welfare and the disciplinary state. London: Routledge, 1999 Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Inquiry into income and wealth. Volumes 1 and 2. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1995 Joseph Rowntree Foundation, Becker, Smale, Social Exclusion Unit, Sociology and Social Work; Poverty and Social Work Service Users, Learning Matters, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2004. Langner, T. S. Michael, S. T. Life Stress and Mental Health. London: Collier-Macmillan, 1963 Lewis, O. The Children of Sanchez. New York: Random House, 1967. Novak, T. Critical Social Policy; Rethinking Poverty. Vol 15, Sage Journals, 1995 The PSE survey, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, http://www.bris.ac.uk/poverty/pse/