Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Financial management - Essay Example Key principles that are followed by the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers are as follows: First, the panel follows the principle of equal treatment for every shareholder. According to this principle, every shareholder of the firm that is getting taken over should get equal treatment. Even if all the security holders do not posses adequate control on the operation of the company, each of them should be protected. Second, the panel strictly follows the rule of providing adequate advice and information timely to all security holders. Third, the panel can not allow the creation of any false market for the shares of the offeree firm. According to this principle, a company is allowed to announce a merger or takeover only once after it becomes completely ready for the event to conduct. Fourth, it is not possible for any firm to perform any unauthorized frustrating activities without having any approval from its shareholders. According to this principle, a firm can not issue or sell any share f rom its treasury without proper approval from its shareholders. (Fisher, 2003) B. The Economic reasons for mergers and acquisitions are some economic benefits that are obtained by means of mergers and acquisitions. The benefits are as follows: Efficiency: Mergers and acquisitions help firms to add up their assets. ... Besides getting efficiency at operational level, mergers and acquisitions also help in providing efficiency at management level to some extent. When a firm involves in the process of merging with another firm or taking over the assets of any other company, then it becomes possible to generate a market controlled by corporate. (Hunt, 2009; Sherman and Hart, 2006) Financial benefits: By taking over the assets of other firms, a business organization can follow the route of diversification of its earnings. This type of diversification causes a significant fall in the variation in the area of profitability of the company and thus helps in making a reduction in the risks of bankruptcy as well as attendant costs. Market power effect: Mergers and acquisitions is also helpful in providing greater amount of market power that in turn offers many benefits to the companies who involve in the process of merging. (Galpin and Herndon, 2007) Sometimes mergers and actuations become unsuccessful for th e following reasons: First, mergers influence organizational culture to a large extent. On account of mergers and acquisitions the employees of the merging companies have to experience rigorous anxiety. This kind of anxiety causes a fall in the level of productivity. Second, frequently, mergers are done with wrong intentions. Often, mergers or takeovers are used for seeking glory or to express financial strength. Third, the success derived from mergers and acquisitions is frequently hindered by variations in the work cultures as well as corporate activities of the firm which are involved in the process of mergers and acquisitions. Fourth, once the process of mergers and acquisitions becomes complete, firms generally put their focus on the issues relating to cost reduction rather than

Mobile Sensor Network for Indoor Environment

Mobile Sensor Network for Indoor Environment 4 node sensor network without collisions. Update of every sensor reading in the network at least once per second (available from all nodes). Single frequency channel (i.e. no frequency multiplexing permitted). Error checking (CRC) included to ( Measure at least 2 parameters (e.g. temp, light..) Data presented on serial I/O port in a format that is easily readable on a text terminal. 1. Background knowledge 1.1. System structure The aim of this coursework is to design a mobile sensor network for an indoor environment, communicating with a 2.4 GHz wireless link (IEEE 802.15.4). All the sensor nodes can realize data link, which means each board can get others information. All the sensor boards have the function of receiver link to the computer, and can present the sensor data (for all nodes in the network) to the serial I/O port in a format which is easily to be understand on a text terminal. If the nod which connected to pc is broken, the other 3 nodes can replace it and realize the function of receiver. Each sensor node will include a number of sensors interfaced to a microprocessor (for our group temperature, sounds, touch and light). The microprocessor will gather sensor data, communicate with other sensor nodes via a wireless transceiver, implement a network protocol and provide a PC interface via a serial I/O port for data display. The structure of whole system is as follow: Figure 1 Architecture of Wireless Sensor Network 1.2. Basic hardware The principle hardware used in this project is the PICDEM Z [3] development board from Microchip Technology Inc. There is a PIC18F4620 microcontroller on every node board and every group has 4 board available. The PICDEM Z has a prototyping area which must not be used for circuit construction. First, we need veroboard to construct a circuit, then interface it to the header J6. The next figure shows the structure of the board. Figure 1 The structure of the board And we also have other devices can use in this course: 1. 9V DC power socket (J1) for operation from mains adaptor. 2. 9V battery terminal (BT1) for mobile operation. 3. ICD connector (J5) for connection to MPLAB ICD3 in-system programmer/debugger cable. 4. RS232 serial port connector (P1) for connection to PC COM port. 5. Microchip MRF24J40 2.4GHz transceiver module connected to J2. 6. LEDS RA0 and RA1 for indication. 7. Push buttons RB4 and RB5 for simple logic input. 8. Header J6 giving access to analog and digital I/O pins Vcc (3.3V) and GND. This may be used to interface additional sensors. 1.3. Microchip MRF24J40 2.4GHz The MRF24J40 wireless transceiver [5] provides the physical layer for your wireless communication network. This is a 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.15.4 compliant) device which transmits data rates up to 250kbps and is connected to the PIC via SPI bus, as well as a small number of digital I/O pins. The picture of Wireless transceiver is as follow. 1.4. MPLAB-ICD MPLAB-ICD is an inexpensive development tool for MICROCHIPs PIC16F87X series MCU. MPLAB-ICD is an online debugger, and a programmer. It works in the MPLAB-IDE integrated development environment, and use online serial programming technology of MICROCHIP (In-Circuit Serial Programming), the monitoring program is embedded to achieve real-time simulation in the simulation of the MCU (PIC16F87X). The simulation head is directly connected to the MCU socket of the application system, running the users application as a PIC16F87X. The picture of MPLAB-ICD is as follow. 1.5. Wireless sensor network Wireless Networks use radio waves, infrared, or any other wireless media to link to any devices. It can cover a large area, in which case it will be called a Wireless WAN, or it can cover an area or some floor of building, such as school, hospital and railway station, in that case Wireless LAN (WLAN) appear and describe the situation[4]. It appears a large number of wireless communication standards nowadays, including ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WiMax, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) et al. Wireless sensor network (background) became a more and more popular way to solve the problems of large-scale tracking and monitoring applications because it has low-data-rate, low-energy-consumption, and short-range link network [1]. It give people a chance to monitor and control the physical world in a more simple way. WSN applications include many ways in our life, such as industrial monitoring, security, electronics industry, military sensing, asset tracking and home automation. WSNs research has mainly pay attention to energy consumption, routing and data transmission, particularly focusing on collecting and data summary in specific networks with an associated sink node, called a WSN gateway [1]. Some research has carried out the interface of different sensor networks for a single or complex applications. Wireless sensor networks is aimed to monitor and control the physical data of environmental conditions at remove locations and it can collect their data to a main location and send their control command to achieve the result of remote control. A WSN includes plenty nodes, ranging from a few to hundreds and thousands, in addition each node may be linked to one or more other nodes. One node can be designed for carrying out one or more different sensors which have various functions and we can also design combined sensors choice to complete complex use or exchange data with another network[4]. A node for sensing is called a sensor node, everyone can collect the data of other sensor node. As a result, any place with a sensor node can get all the data with a very fast speed at any time. 1.6. Error detection Cyclic Redundancy Check Error detection segment is necessary in a data transmitting system since the correctness and efficiency of data transmitting must be ensured. In this project, there are 3 approaches which can be applied to error detection: parity bit, check sum and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Parity bit is also known as check bit, the function of which is to judge whether a number of 1-bits in the string is even or odd by adding a bit to a string of binary code. The realisation is that the bits with value 1 is counted for even parity while the coding reverses for odd parity. Although parity bit is easy to implement, the shortcoming is apparent that only when there are 1, 3, 5, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ bit(s) errors can the error be detected. The principle for check sum is to define a string with a small size with designed algorithm of calculating, and the result of the calculations of before and after the transmitting will be different even the data changes slightly so the error could be detected in this way. Similar to parity bits, the disadvantage of check sum is that error cant be detected under some circumstances. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a method of error detection that is easyto be implemented by shift register and look-up table in S/W. The process is shown in figure1. In this project the value of P(z) is 0x91 (11001 in reversed binary) which is known as generator polynomial and the divider. Assuming that the data needed to be transmitted is 110011000, then we have the message polynomial D(z). C(z) is the remainder which is calculated by D(z) divided by P(z). The realization of division operation is by XOR. Only when the least significant bit of 1 byte of the message is 1 will it XOR with CRC polynomial, then we should shift it to the next bit and repeat the XOR. At the transmitter, the string of CRC depends on the whole frame on a bit-by-bit basis with binary division. And at the receiver, the received bit string is again divided by the same bit-by-bit basis with a serial shift register. The resultant CRC result should be all zeros at the end of the frame, or there must be errors in the process of data transmitting. Grahame Smillie, 10 Bit error detection and correction, In Analogue and Digital Communication Techniques, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxf ord, 1999, Pages 185-230, ISBN 9780340731253, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-034073125-3/50012-7. 2. System Design 2.1. Sensor design and calibration and Analogic digital converter ADC In our group 4 kinds of sensor are designed to meet the requirement, and they are temperature sensor, light sensor, touch sensor and sound sensor. In order to obtain data from all the 4 sensors in the wireless network, a PCB board is required to connect to the sensor node board. In the lab, a breadboard is available for testing the circuit. When finishing the circuit on the breadboard, it can be interfaced to PC to have a preliminary test. If done, a PCB board will be used to finish the final product which can connect to node board. The method of calibration is to get the value of light, sound, temperature or touch that is detected using physical measurement. For example, if the temperature of the environment T0 and the result of the ADC conversion D0 that collected by the sensor in the same testing environment are known, we can derive the proportional function of temperature and ADC data with another pair of coordinate (T1, D1), which is obtained by changing the temperature of testing. Then the code that controlling display of temperature value should be modified so that by the time the temperature of the environment changes, the displaying value on the PC is exactly the temperature. Code for this part is shown as following: 2.1.1. Temperature sensor Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistors are temperature sensitive semiconductor resistors which decrease in resistance value when absolute temperature increasing. Change in the resistance of NTC thermistor can be brought about either by a change in the ambient temperature or internally by self-heating resulting from current flowing through the device. (NTC Thermistor Discs and Chips | Ametherm, Ametherm, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.ametherm.com/thermistor/disc-and-chip-ntc-thermistors. [Accessed: 07- Jan- 2017].) Most of the practical applications of NTC thermistors are based on these material characteristics. Time and temperature are two of the most frequently measured variables. There are various ways to measure temperature electronically, most normal is by thermocouples and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. In addition, NTC temperature sensors can operate over a wide temperature range (-55 to +300 °C). They are stable throughout a long time, and are small and cheaper than other kind. [3] Figure 1 circuit of Temperature Sensor It can be seen in the figure 1 that temperature Sensor is a more complex circuit design. On the left part It=Vcc/(R1+Rt) and Vt=Vcc*Rt/(Rt+R1), then connect the line to the positive side of the LM358 amplifier to amplify circuit and Vt becomes the input of the amplifier. After that, use formula V0 = Vt*(1+R3/R2) to get the voltage value of v0. From this formula we can know, the value of V0 depends on R3 and R2, so R3 and R2 are both simply chosen 10 Ohm. Then the voltage value of V0 is exactly twice as much as that of Vt. Next use formula to transfer ADC data to temperature, when it comes to the lab temperature (23 degrees Celsius), ADC data is 613. While it comes to the people body temperature (abort 38 degrees Celsius), ADC data become 530. Finally, we can calculate the linear parameters by these two sets of data. 2.1.2. Light sensor The Light Sensor is a passive devices that transfer light energy visible or invisible into a output of voltage signal. Thus Light sensors are more commonly known as Photoelectric Devices or Photo Sensors [2]. Photoelectric devices can be classified into two main categories, those which generate electricity when illuminated, such as Photo-voltaics or Photo-emissives etc, and those can change their electrical data (voltage) in some way such as Photo-resistors or Photo-conductors. [2] Light sensor is the easiest sensor of our 4 sensor, so we also use the simplest structure, when luminance become strong, the value of photosensitive resistance become larger. Thus the voltage of Vt increase which result in the raise ADC data. Then use formula to transfer ADC data to luminance, when it is dark (lux 0), ADC data is 30. While it comes to the lab light (about 330 lux), ADC data become 895. Finally, We can calculate the linear parameters by these two sets of data 2.1.3. Sound sensor 2.1.4. Touch sensor The MPR121 is the second-generation sensor controller after the initial release of the MPR03x series devices. The MPR121 will feature increased internal intelligence in addition to Freescales second generation capacitance detection engine. Some of the major additions include an increased electrode count, a hardware configurable I 2Caddress, an expanded filtering system with debounce, and completely independent electrodes with auto-configuration built in. The device also features a 13th simulated electrode that represents the simultaneous charging of all the electrodes connected together to allow for increased proximity detection in a touch panel or touch screen array [5]. 2.3. Time Division Multiple Access TDMA It is required that there are at least 4 nodes of sensor without collision in a wireless transmitting network based on a certain channel. Each sensor must be ensured to be able to receive and transmit, in other words, each node can serve as both a receiver and a transmitter. The node which connects to the PC is responsible for the display of the data that collected by each sensor and each sensor is supposed to send the data string to the chosen node within 1 second. There will be collision with the four nodes if we dont define the order of the data transmitting and receiving or just simply define by applying time delay, hence TDMA is necessary to meet requirements above. TDMA is a method of communication technique that derived from the P2S (parallel to serial) conversion. In the process of TDMA of this project, receivers obtain a same signal at the same time but only the appointed receiver reacts and does the next action, which is then transmitting and serving as new transmitter, and the new transmitter will wait for the next appointment without doing nothing unless it is appointed once again, which means it gets the same order in a new loop. The process repeats and there will not be data collision in the transmitting and receiving. As is illustrated in figure2, there are 4 nodes so 4 slots are needed in 1 second according to the requirement, hence each slot takes up 0.25 second, during which time of period each node should finish data transmitting, so the calculation of the time that is needed for sending and receiving is necessary. 2.3.1. Data packet structure 2.3.2. Timers We apply timer0 to control the time of running, different initial values have been given to timer0 in each slot so that transmitting and receiving within 1 second without collision can be ensured. In this case, node 4 is the main node which connects to the PC. The start of the process is the transmitting of node 4, and by the time other 3 nodes receive data from node 4, the text packet ID of the transmitter will be checked and only node 3, which is the transmitted ID 4 minus 1, will display the data that collected by node 4 and transmit its own data collected by its sensor. Following actions will be carried out by node 2, and node 1 within a certain time of period, like shown in figure3. Figure3 4. IoT Data Service and Visualisation

Postponing Motherhood Essay -- Pregnancy Birth Children Short Stories

Postponing Motherhood As a senior in a small high school in Connecticut, Jane Swanson* was attending weekly volleyball team practices, planning for college, studying for tests, and spending time with her friends and her boyfriend. She was a typical teenager until, at 17, she learned that she was pregnant. Stunned by the news and unsure of what to do, she spoke to her friends about her options. She was especially surprised because she was using condoms and practicing safe sex. Sadly, half of the 1.3 million women having abortions each year used some form of contraception when they became pregnant. She quickly realized that with her friends being teens themselves, they couldn’t give the best advice, and decided to call the nearest Planned Parenthood in Connecticut. Planned Parenthood is one of the best-known resources for abortion services. About to celebrate is 75th year, it is well known for promoting sexual and reproductive health through â€Å"clinical services, education and advocacy.† "Caring professionals provide a wide range of services in our modern facilities. Our clients know they can trust us to provide confidential and comprehensive health care at a reasonable cost,† wrote Dianne Luby, President and CEO of the Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts, in her public address published on the clinics’ web site. Swanson spoke to a receptionist who informed her of the different types of abortions, medical and surgical, and also urged her to come into the office as soon as possible. She added, however, that that particular clinic did not perform abortions and she would have to travel a significant distance, to Hartford, for the procedure. The National Abortion Federation, through its 350 member clinics and... ...ake the decision to abort,† said Brown. â€Å"They fear being cut off from their families, their education being interrupted, their finances, that their boyfriends would leave them. They’ve already made up their minds.† A branch of A Woman’s Concern includes â€Å"Healthy Choices,† a five-day program in middle schools and high schools aimed at educating young people on unhealthy behaviors, misconceptions in the media, and lesson in skill building, designed to teach the students that they have a voice. "Healthy Start† has visited eleven or twelve different schools in and around the Boston area so far this year, and has received a positive response. Two years after having an abortion, Swanson, is still confident that she made the right decision. "There is no shame in getting pregnant, or getting help,† Swanson said. â€Å"Looking back, I only wish I had told my mother.†

Anatomy and Physiology

Exam Review, Units 1-4 1. The smallest structures that biologists consider being alive are A. organisms. B. organs. C. macromolecules. D. cells. E. organelles. Review levels of organization. 2. Cells contain smaller structures called ___ that carry out their metabolic functions. Review the structure of the cell and know the functions of each of the organelles. 3. Many physiological processes are controlled by self-correcting ___ loops. 4. ___ is the body's tendency to maintain stable internal conditions. Make sure you review homeostasis, positive feedback loops, and negative feedback loops. . All chemical change in the body is collectively called ___. Look at the chemistry worksheet. Know the terms listed in the worksheet and their definitions. 6. Anabolism occurs when complex molecules are made from simpler ones. True False 7. Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four month s and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was theA. control group. B. test group. C. placebo group. D. peer group. E. double-blind group. Review the scientific method. 8. Any chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not consumed by it is called a/an___ or _____. 9. Fats are digested by enzymes called A. lipases. B. proteases. C. glycolases. D. carboxylases. E. sterolases. Review the action of enzymes, method of naming enzymes, and the structure of a protein. 10. A positively charged ion is known as a(n) __________. 11. The chemical symbol for potassium is _________. 12. Consider sodium, which has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23.How many outer or valence electrons does it have? A. 1 B. 2 C. 8 D. 11 E. 23 13. The sharing of electrons in their outer orbital describes what type of chemical bond? Know how ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds are made. 14. What is the fate of oil droplets in water? Why? A. It will dissolve in the water because oil is hydrophilic. B. It will stay as separate oil drops because oil is hydrophilic. C. It will become more hydrophilic and partially dissolve in water. D. It will merge together to form one large oil drop because oil is hydrophobic. E. It will merge together to from one large oil drop because oil is hydrophilic.Review the structure of the phospholipid bilayer. 15. The polysaccharide that is stored in humans in the liver and muscle is called _____ and is made up of the monomer or monosaccharide called ______. A. cellulose; glucose B. starch; glucose C. lactose; glucose + galactose D. glycogen; glucose E. sucrose; glucose + fructose Review the structure of carbohydrates, lipids (phospholipids), proteins, and nuclei acids. 16. Where is most of the ATP made within the cell? In the A. cytoplasm. B. mitochondria. C. lysosomes. D. vacuoles. E. Golgi a pparatus. Review the function of the organelles within the cell. 7. The plasma membrane is said to be ___ because it allows some substances to pass through but excludes others. Know the make-up of the plasma membrane. 18. The plasma membrane is composed mainly of protein and ___ molecules. 19. Channel proteins that can open or close their pores in response to changes in voltage across the plasma membrane are called ___. 20. Programmed cell death is carried out by a process called apoptosis. True False 21. Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubule have a â€Å"brush border† composed of ___, which are cell extensions that increase surface area. 22.What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed? A. exocytosis B. active transport C. ciliary beating D. protein synthesis E. osmosis Review the function of the various organelles in the cell. 23. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell is called __________. Review the cell cycle including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. 24. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?A. solute will move from solution A to solution B B. solute will move from solution B to solution A C. water will more from solution A to solution B D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur 25. A red blood cell is placed in a 5% salt solution. This solution would be described as ________ and will cause the cell to _____. Review osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and the active transport processes. Know the concentration of normal saline (0. 9%). 26. If a DNA molecule has 12% thymine, how much guanine will it have? A. 6% B. 12%C. 24% D. 38% E. 76% Review the structure of DNA and RNA. 27. You were able to radioactively tag an amino acid that is used to m ake insulin, a hormone that will be exported out of the cell. The pathway of the tagged amino acid would be A. free ribosome ; cytosol ; vesicle ; extracellular fluid. B. rough ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. C. rough ER ; smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. D. smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. E. smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; lysosome ; extracellular fluid. Review secretion. 28.In anatomical terms, referring to the front and back, the pectoral region is what to the scapular region? 29. Which term can be used to describe the serous membrane that lines a cavity? 30. The elbow is what to the wrist? Review the directional terms, planes of sectioning, and abdominal areas. 31. After a cartilage cell becomes trapped in a lacuna, it is called a chondrocyte. True False Review the function of each of the following cells: chondroblast, chondrocyte, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast. Name the four types of tiss ues. Review the functions of the various tissues. There will be a few pictures of the some tissues on the final.They will be fairly recognizable. 32. A tissue specialized for energy storage and thermal insulation is 33. ___ are single mucus-secreting cells found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes. A. Mast cells B. Goblet cells C. Endocrine cells D. Myocytes E. Histiocytes 34. A ___ is a relatively impenetrable attachment between two epithelial cells. A. plasma membrane B. desmosome C. tight junction D. gap junction Review the types of intracellular junctions found between cells. 35. Tendons and ligaments are made predominantly of the protein A. keratin. B. fibrin. C. actin. D. collagen. E. elastin.Review the structure of tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis. Know what each does. 36. A tissue containing ~20 layers of flat cells is called A. simple squamous. B. simple cuboidal. C. simple columnar. D. pseudostratified columnar. E. stratified squamous. 37. The area of the neuron w hich houses the nucleus is called the ______, while the long single extension that sends electrical signals to other cells is called the ______. A. neuroglia; axon B. soma; axon C. soma; dendrite D. dendrite; axon E. soma; nerve Review neuronal structure. 38. The electrical charge difference across plasma membranes of all cells is called the A. esting membrane potential. B. depolarization phase. C. action potential. D. repolarization phase. E. hyperpolarization phase. Review an action potential and resting membrane potential. 39. You decided to become buff and started seriously lifting weights. After six months you began to notice that some of your muscles increased in size. This increase in size was due to _____ of the muscle cells. A. hyperplasia B. neoplasia C. hypertrophy D. metaplasia. E. atrophy Review the definitions of the terms in the choices above. 40. The holocrine glands of the skin secrete ___. Review the sheet on glands and glandular structure.Review mucous and serous membranes. 41. Thick skin is found A. on the lips. B. on the bottom of the foot. C. between the shoulders. D. on the abdomen. E. on the buttocks. 42. Areolar tissue is found in A. the stratum corneum. B. the stratum lucidum. C. the stratum spinosum. D. the papillary layer. E. the reticular layer. 43. The fastest rate of mitosis is seen in A. the stratum corneum. B. the stratum lucidum. C. the stratum granulosum. D. the stratum spinosum. E. the stratum basale. Know the order of the layers in the epidermis and dermis. Know the types of tissues found in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. 4. A tendon connects a muscle to a bone, whereas a ___ connects one bone to another. 45. Cells called ___ deposit matrix at the surface of a bone 46. Hematopoiesis typically occurs in A. the epiphyseal plate. B. the articular cartilages. C. the red bone marrow. D. the yellow bone marrow. E. the gelatinous bone marrow. 47. Calcium homeostasis in adults is maintained mainly by A. calcitonin. B. calcit riol. C. vitamin D. D. parathyroid hormone. E. hydroxyapatite. Review the action of calcitonin, vit. D, and parathyroid hormones and their effects on bones. 48. Most bones develop from A. hyaline cartilage.B. osseous tissue. C. bone marrow. D. endoderm. E. fibrocartilage Know the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification. 49. Bones found in the forearm are A. flat bones. B. sesamoid bones. C. spongy bones. D. long bones. E. irregular bones. Review the structure of a long bone and the microscopic structure of bone. 50. The periosteum is a connective tissue sheath which lines the _____ of bones and fuses with bones by way of _____ fibers. A. outer surface; elastic B. inner surface; reticular C. outer surface; perforating D. inner surface; perforating E. outer surface; actin 51.The ilium, ischium and pubis make up a bone called ____. 52. The part of the ethmoid bone which allows nerve fibers for the sense of smell to pass directly into the brain is called the ___ ___? 53. Which movement is limited to the foot? A. pronation B. elevation C. dorsiflexion D. abduction E. circumduction Review the movements and recognize a description of a movement. 54. This part of a synovial joint appears at the ends of the long bones. A. articular cartilage B. fibrous capsule C. synovial membrane D. meniscus E. bursa Review the parts of the synovial joint. 55. The elbow is an example of what type of joint?A. hinge B. saddle C. gliding D. condyloid E. ball and socket 56. The fibrocartilage discs of the knees are called the _____ and the ligaments which prevent hyperextension and prevent the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia are the _____ ligaments. A. menisci; popliteal B. collateral ligaments; cruciate C. menisci; cruciate D. menisci; collateral E. bursae; collateral Review the microscopic structure of cartilage. Know the three types of cartilage and recognize which is the strongest. 57. The rotator cuff includes tendons of all of the following musc les except A. the subscapularis.B. the biceps brachii. C. the infraspinatus. D. the teres minor. E. the supraspinatus. Know the rotator cuff muscles. 58. ___ are straplike muscles of uniform width whose fascicles all run in the same direction. A. Convergent muscles B. Pennate muscles C. Rectilinear muscles D. Fusiform muscles E. Parallel muscles Review the organizations of muscles . Know the difference between an aponeurosis and a tendon. 59. In skeletal muscle, groups of muscle cells are called _____ and are surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ______. A. fascicles, endomysium B. fascicles, perimysium C. asciae, epimysium D. fasciae, endomysium E. fascicles, epimysium Know the terms endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. Review the related terms for nerve structure also. 60. The muscular dome between the abdominal and thoracic cavity is the A. central tendon. B. diaphragm. C. external intercostals. D. internal intercostals. E. transverse abdominis. There will be a fe w questions like this one related to major muscles in the body. 61. One motor nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it are called a ___. 62. A plasma membrane is said to be ___ if there is a difference in charge n opposite sides of it. 63. The ___ theory is the current model of how a muscle fiber contracts. Review the sliding filament theory of muscle movement including the structures found in a muscle cell. 64. Motor nerve fibers release a neurotransmitter called ___, which makes skeletal muscle fibers contract. 65. Which of the following is/are voluntary muscle? A. smooth muscle B. cardiac muscle C. skeletal muscle D. visceral muscle E. intestinal muscle 66. Action potentials are propagated from the surface to the interior of a muscle fiber by way of A. the sarcomeres. B. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.C. the endomysium. D. the myofibrils. E. the T tubules. Review the structure of a muscle fiber. 67. When there is not enough oxygen to create ATP by aerobic respiration, a muscle fiber can produce ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from A. cyclic adenosine monophosphate. B. creatine phosphate. C. phospholipids. D. cholinesterase. E. creatine kinase. Review cellular respiration, fermentation, and the phosphagen system for production of ATP. 68. Posture is maintained mainly by ___ fibers because they fatigue _____. A. slow-twitch; slowly B. white; slowly C. type II; rapidly D. fast-twitch; rapidlyE. fast glycolytic; slowly Review the difference between slow and fast twitch muscles. Review the structure of the neuromuscular junction. 69. Which of the following is an organ system? a. connective b. circulatory c. hypogastric d. epidermal Review the organ systems. 70. Which of the following processes does not occur in cellular respiration? a. glycolysis b. transition reaction c. fermentation d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport chain Review the processes in cellular respiration and fermentation. Answers 1. D 2. organelles 3. negative feedback 4. homeostasis 5. metabolism 6. true 7. A 8. atalysts, enzymes 9. A 10. cation 11. K 12. A 13. covalent 14. D 15. D 16. B 17. selectively permeable 18. phospholipid 19. voltage gated channels 20. true 21. microvilli 22. D 23. metaphase 24. D 25. hypertonic, shrink 26. D 27. B 28. anterior 29. parietal 30. proximal 31. true 32. adipose 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. E 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. sebum 41. B 42. D 43. E 44. ligament 45. osteoblasts. 46. C 47. D 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. coxal 52. cribriform plate 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. C 57. B 58. E 59. B 60. B 61. motor unit 62. polarized 63. sliding filament 64. acetylcholine 65. C 66. E 67. B 68. A 69. B 70. C Anatomy and Physiology Exam Review, Units 1-4 1. The smallest structures that biologists consider being alive are A. organisms. B. organs. C. macromolecules. D. cells. E. organelles. Review levels of organization. 2. Cells contain smaller structures called ___ that carry out their metabolic functions. Review the structure of the cell and know the functions of each of the organelles. 3. Many physiological processes are controlled by self-correcting ___ loops. 4. ___ is the body's tendency to maintain stable internal conditions. Make sure you review homeostasis, positive feedback loops, and negative feedback loops. . All chemical change in the body is collectively called ___. Look at the chemistry worksheet. Know the terms listed in the worksheet and their definitions. 6. Anabolism occurs when complex molecules are made from simpler ones. True False 7. Two groups of people were tested to determine whether garlic lowers blood cholesterol levels. One group was given 800 mg of garlic powder daily for four month s and exhibited an average 12% reduction in the blood cholesterol. The other group was not given any garlic and after four months averaged a 3% reduction in cholesterol. The group that was not given the garlic was theA. control group. B. test group. C. placebo group. D. peer group. E. double-blind group. Review the scientific method. 8. Any chemical that speeds up a reaction but is not consumed by it is called a/an___ or _____. 9. Fats are digested by enzymes called A. lipases. B. proteases. C. glycolases. D. carboxylases. E. sterolases. Review the action of enzymes, method of naming enzymes, and the structure of a protein. 10. A positively charged ion is known as a(n) __________. 11. The chemical symbol for potassium is _________. 12. Consider sodium, which has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23.How many outer or valence electrons does it have? A. 1 B. 2 C. 8 D. 11 E. 23 13. The sharing of electrons in their outer orbital describes what type of chemical bond? Know how ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds are made. 14. What is the fate of oil droplets in water? Why? A. It will dissolve in the water because oil is hydrophilic. B. It will stay as separate oil drops because oil is hydrophilic. C. It will become more hydrophilic and partially dissolve in water. D. It will merge together to form one large oil drop because oil is hydrophobic. E. It will merge together to from one large oil drop because oil is hydrophilic.Review the structure of the phospholipid bilayer. 15. The polysaccharide that is stored in humans in the liver and muscle is called _____ and is made up of the monomer or monosaccharide called ______. A. cellulose; glucose B. starch; glucose C. lactose; glucose + galactose D. glycogen; glucose E. sucrose; glucose + fructose Review the structure of carbohydrates, lipids (phospholipids), proteins, and nuclei acids. 16. Where is most of the ATP made within the cell? In the A. cytoplasm. B. mitochondria. C. lysosomes. D. vacuoles. E. Golgi a pparatus. Review the function of the organelles within the cell. 7. The plasma membrane is said to be ___ because it allows some substances to pass through but excludes others. Know the make-up of the plasma membrane. 18. The plasma membrane is composed mainly of protein and ___ molecules. 19. Channel proteins that can open or close their pores in response to changes in voltage across the plasma membrane are called ___. 20. Programmed cell death is carried out by a process called apoptosis. True False 21. Cells of the small intestine and kidney tubule have a â€Å"brush border† composed of ___, which are cell extensions that increase surface area. 22.What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed? A. exocytosis B. active transport C. ciliary beating D. protein synthesis E. osmosis Review the function of the various organelles in the cell. 23. The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell is called __________. Review the cell cycle including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. 24. Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Solution A has a higher concentration of an impermeable solute compared to solution B. Which of the following do you expect would happen?A. solute will move from solution A to solution B B. solute will move from solution B to solution A C. water will more from solution A to solution B D. water will move from solution B to solution A E. no movement of solute or water will occur 25. A red blood cell is placed in a 5% salt solution. This solution would be described as ________ and will cause the cell to _____. Review osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and the active transport processes. Know the concentration of normal saline (0. 9%). 26. If a DNA molecule has 12% thymine, how much guanine will it have? A. 6% B. 12%C. 24% D. 38% E. 76% Review the structure of DNA and RNA. 27. You were able to radioactively tag an amino acid that is used to m ake insulin, a hormone that will be exported out of the cell. The pathway of the tagged amino acid would be A. free ribosome ; cytosol ; vesicle ; extracellular fluid. B. rough ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. C. rough ER ; smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. D. smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; Golgi vesicle ; extracellular fluid. E. smooth ER ; Golgi complex ; lysosome ; extracellular fluid. Review secretion. 28.In anatomical terms, referring to the front and back, the pectoral region is what to the scapular region? 29. Which term can be used to describe the serous membrane that lines a cavity? 30. The elbow is what to the wrist? Review the directional terms, planes of sectioning, and abdominal areas. 31. After a cartilage cell becomes trapped in a lacuna, it is called a chondrocyte. True False Review the function of each of the following cells: chondroblast, chondrocyte, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast. Name the four types of tiss ues. Review the functions of the various tissues. There will be a few pictures of the some tissues on the final.They will be fairly recognizable. 32. A tissue specialized for energy storage and thermal insulation is 33. ___ are single mucus-secreting cells found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes. A. Mast cells B. Goblet cells C. Endocrine cells D. Myocytes E. Histiocytes 34. A ___ is a relatively impenetrable attachment between two epithelial cells. A. plasma membrane B. desmosome C. tight junction D. gap junction Review the types of intracellular junctions found between cells. 35. Tendons and ligaments are made predominantly of the protein A. keratin. B. fibrin. C. actin. D. collagen. E. elastin.Review the structure of tendons, ligaments, and aponeurosis. Know what each does. 36. A tissue containing ~20 layers of flat cells is called A. simple squamous. B. simple cuboidal. C. simple columnar. D. pseudostratified columnar. E. stratified squamous. 37. The area of the neuron w hich houses the nucleus is called the ______, while the long single extension that sends electrical signals to other cells is called the ______. A. neuroglia; axon B. soma; axon C. soma; dendrite D. dendrite; axon E. soma; nerve Review neuronal structure. 38. The electrical charge difference across plasma membranes of all cells is called the A. esting membrane potential. B. depolarization phase. C. action potential. D. repolarization phase. E. hyperpolarization phase. Review an action potential and resting membrane potential. 39. You decided to become buff and started seriously lifting weights. After six months you began to notice that some of your muscles increased in size. This increase in size was due to _____ of the muscle cells. A. hyperplasia B. neoplasia C. hypertrophy D. metaplasia. E. atrophy Review the definitions of the terms in the choices above. 40. The holocrine glands of the skin secrete ___. Review the sheet on glands and glandular structure.Review mucous and serous membranes. 41. Thick skin is found A. on the lips. B. on the bottom of the foot. C. between the shoulders. D. on the abdomen. E. on the buttocks. 42. Areolar tissue is found in A. the stratum corneum. B. the stratum lucidum. C. the stratum spinosum. D. the papillary layer. E. the reticular layer. 43. The fastest rate of mitosis is seen in A. the stratum corneum. B. the stratum lucidum. C. the stratum granulosum. D. the stratum spinosum. E. the stratum basale. Know the order of the layers in the epidermis and dermis. Know the types of tissues found in the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. 4. A tendon connects a muscle to a bone, whereas a ___ connects one bone to another. 45. Cells called ___ deposit matrix at the surface of a bone 46. Hematopoiesis typically occurs in A. the epiphyseal plate. B. the articular cartilages. C. the red bone marrow. D. the yellow bone marrow. E. the gelatinous bone marrow. 47. Calcium homeostasis in adults is maintained mainly by A. calcitonin. B. calcit riol. C. vitamin D. D. parathyroid hormone. E. hydroxyapatite. Review the action of calcitonin, vit. D, and parathyroid hormones and their effects on bones. 48. Most bones develop from A. hyaline cartilage.B. osseous tissue. C. bone marrow. D. endoderm. E. fibrocartilage Know the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification. 49. Bones found in the forearm are A. flat bones. B. sesamoid bones. C. spongy bones. D. long bones. E. irregular bones. Review the structure of a long bone and the microscopic structure of bone. 50. The periosteum is a connective tissue sheath which lines the _____ of bones and fuses with bones by way of _____ fibers. A. outer surface; elastic B. inner surface; reticular C. outer surface; perforating D. inner surface; perforating E. outer surface; actin 51.The ilium, ischium and pubis make up a bone called ____. 52. The part of the ethmoid bone which allows nerve fibers for the sense of smell to pass directly into the brain is called the ___ ___? 53. Which movement is limited to the foot? A. pronation B. elevation C. dorsiflexion D. abduction E. circumduction Review the movements and recognize a description of a movement. 54. This part of a synovial joint appears at the ends of the long bones. A. articular cartilage B. fibrous capsule C. synovial membrane D. meniscus E. bursa Review the parts of the synovial joint. 55. The elbow is an example of what type of joint?A. hinge B. saddle C. gliding D. condyloid E. ball and socket 56. The fibrocartilage discs of the knees are called the _____ and the ligaments which prevent hyperextension and prevent the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia are the _____ ligaments. A. menisci; popliteal B. collateral ligaments; cruciate C. menisci; cruciate D. menisci; collateral E. bursae; collateral Review the microscopic structure of cartilage. Know the three types of cartilage and recognize which is the strongest. 57. The rotator cuff includes tendons of all of the following musc les except A. the subscapularis.B. the biceps brachii. C. the infraspinatus. D. the teres minor. E. the supraspinatus. Know the rotator cuff muscles. 58. ___ are straplike muscles of uniform width whose fascicles all run in the same direction. A. Convergent muscles B. Pennate muscles C. Rectilinear muscles D. Fusiform muscles E. Parallel muscles Review the organizations of muscles . Know the difference between an aponeurosis and a tendon. 59. In skeletal muscle, groups of muscle cells are called _____ and are surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ______. A. fascicles, endomysium B. fascicles, perimysium C. asciae, epimysium D. fasciae, endomysium E. fascicles, epimysium Know the terms endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium. Review the related terms for nerve structure also. 60. The muscular dome between the abdominal and thoracic cavity is the A. central tendon. B. diaphragm. C. external intercostals. D. internal intercostals. E. transverse abdominis. There will be a fe w questions like this one related to major muscles in the body. 61. One motor nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it are called a ___. 62. A plasma membrane is said to be ___ if there is a difference in charge n opposite sides of it. 63. The ___ theory is the current model of how a muscle fiber contracts. Review the sliding filament theory of muscle movement including the structures found in a muscle cell. 64. Motor nerve fibers release a neurotransmitter called ___, which makes skeletal muscle fibers contract. 65. Which of the following is/are voluntary muscle? A. smooth muscle B. cardiac muscle C. skeletal muscle D. visceral muscle E. intestinal muscle 66. Action potentials are propagated from the surface to the interior of a muscle fiber by way of A. the sarcomeres. B. the sarcoplasmic reticulum.C. the endomysium. D. the myofibrils. E. the T tubules. Review the structure of a muscle fiber. 67. When there is not enough oxygen to create ATP by aerobic respiration, a muscle fiber can produce ATP by borrowing phosphate groups from A. cyclic adenosine monophosphate. B. creatine phosphate. C. phospholipids. D. cholinesterase. E. creatine kinase. Review cellular respiration, fermentation, and the phosphagen system for production of ATP. 68. Posture is maintained mainly by ___ fibers because they fatigue _____. A. slow-twitch; slowly B. white; slowly C. type II; rapidly D. fast-twitch; rapidlyE. fast glycolytic; slowly Review the difference between slow and fast twitch muscles. Review the structure of the neuromuscular junction. 69. Which of the following is an organ system? a. connective b. circulatory c. hypogastric d. epidermal Review the organ systems. 70. Which of the following processes does not occur in cellular respiration? a. glycolysis b. transition reaction c. fermentation d. Krebs cycle e. electron transport chain Review the processes in cellular respiration and fermentation. Answers 1. D 2. organelles 3. negative feedback 4. homeostasis 5. metabolism 6. true 7. A 8. atalysts, enzymes 9. A 10. cation 11. K 12. A 13. covalent 14. D 15. D 16. B 17. selectively permeable 18. phospholipid 19. voltage gated channels 20. true 21. microvilli 22. D 23. metaphase 24. D 25. hypertonic, shrink 26. D 27. B 28. anterior 29. parietal 30. proximal 31. true 32. adipose 33. B 34. C 35. D 36. E 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. sebum 41. B 42. D 43. E 44. ligament 45. osteoblasts. 46. C 47. D 48. A 49. D 50. C 51. coxal 52. cribriform plate 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. C 57. B 58. E 59. B 60. B 61. motor unit 62. polarized 63. sliding filament 64. acetylcholine 65. C 66. E 67. B 68. A 69. B 70. C

Hewlett-Packard, Inc Essay

Hewlett-Packard, Inc. has been one of the leading IT Company competing with DELL. Throughout the company history, Hewlett-Packard’s top management team has always sought to ensure that the company stays ahead of its competitors. Though this has been the case, strategic decisions made by the company’s past and present CEOs, especially, Carleton S. Fiorina and Mark V. Hurd may differ as much as they may be similar in some ways. During Carleton S. Fiorina’s tenure, the main focus was on the future and all strategic decisions and investments were made for future growth and stability. This kind of investment was at the expense of any decisions that would ensure growth at the time. Fiorina was the HP CEO from 1999 to 2005 and during her tenure the main causes of loss of revenue and market share were due to the fact that she not only focuses on the future rather than current growth but she made investments that seemed costly to the company at the time but which she believed could bring greater revenue growth in the future. Great opposition from managers and some board members, coupled with the scandal on leaked company information saw the company image delve into the negative causing financial damage to the company. According to Evans-Correia (2005), â€Å"Broderick said HP still faces numerous problems. It continues to lose market share to Dell Inc. and its corporate-computing unit, which includes storage, software and server computers, has remained weak and unable to fend off competition from IBM and EMC Corp. â€Å"The company has good technologies, but their to-market strategy has not been effective. †Ã¢â‚¬  Though the merger with Compaq brought increased revenue growth in the future, at the moment the merger was given a go ahead and completed, HP encountered its share of losses that were a little higher than it may have predicted initially and announced publicly. The then CEO, Fiorina, was questioned about these losses and the apparent in-disclosure of these information to the public and board of directors. In his article, Intense Grilling Flusters Fiorina, one of the writers, Burt (2002) reported that â€Å"Just as he had done yesterday, Hewlett attorney Stephen Neal repeatedly grilled the chief executive about internal financial reports that predicted larger revenue losses for 2003 than HP projected in publicly issued statements. † Increasing counterfeit products could also be seen as one of the setbacks that cost HP its revenue, image as well as market share. While the merger with Compaq brought H-P an added competitive edge in the computer hardware manufacture, the acquisition of EDS, an HP Company will now see H-P attain a competitive edge in the IT Services sector. This means that both ventures are almost equally important to H-P in maintaining leadership in the IT industry. The Compaq merger/acquisition was aimed at gaining HP footing in the computer hardware industry while the acquisition of EDS was strategically targeted at giving the company the competitive edge in IT services and customer care. While HP was mainly focused on the sale of printers, expansion to the computer hardware would prove strategic at the time the merger with Compaq was initiated. The moment EDS came on board, expansion and enhancement of the HP outsourcing service delivery was realized. During ex-CEO Fiorina’s tenure, the main strategic choices that were made were aimed at cost cutting and investment in the future with new ventures. While Fiorina focused on new ventures and expansion of the business part of the company, Hurd focused on expansion, growth and retention of employees and enhancement of customer service and support. Fiorina was more focused on sales, high profits and numbers at all costs while Hurd focused on the company tradition of focusing on the employees as well as growth and expansion. While Fiorina went to on to cut jobs so as to cut on costs, Hurd took on a new stand by focusing mainly on all that could be done to maintain the best workers and staff retention as well as customer satisfaction. As stated by Hurd and Lesjak in the HP Annual Report (2008), â€Å"The addition of EDS further expands HP’s comprehensive, strategically assembled portfolio that provides unparalleled capabilities for delivering end-to-end solutions. More importantly, EDS adds a world-class, globally scaled services capability to HP’s established leadership in hardware and management software. † Since inception, the company has proven to be a greater competitor and leading in innovation and customer satisfaction.

Reaction Definition in Chemistry

Reaction Definition in Chemistry A reaction or chemical reaction is a chemical change which forms new substances.  In other words, reactants react to form products that have a different chemical formula. Indications a reaction has occurred include temperature change, color change, bubble formation, and/or precipitate formation. Chemical Reactions Take Different Forms The major types of chemical reaction are: Synthesis or Direct Combination Reaction - Reactants form a more complex product.Decomposition or Analysis Reaction - A reactant breaks into two or more smaller products.Single Displacement or Replacement Reaction - Also called a substitution reaction, this occurs when the ion from one reactant changes place with another.Double Displacement or Replacement Reaction - Also called a metathesis reaction, this occurs when both cations and anions of the reactants trade places to form products. While some reactions involve a change in the state of matter (e.g., liquid to gas phase), a phase change is not necessarily an indicator of a reaction. For example, melting ice into water is not a chemical reaction because the reactant is chemically identical to the product. Reaction Example: The chemical reaction H 2(g)  ½ O 2(g) → H 2O(l) describes the formation of water from its elements.

Canadian Senate essays

Canadian Senate essays The Canadian Electorate: Good, Better, Best There is a tendancy to believe that ones own electoral system is the best way of choosing a government. For this reason and the fact that Canada possesses an overall efficient and fair system, there is usually not too much controversy among the general public about the way political officials are elected to office. The fact of the matter is that the issues surrounding the First Past the Post (or Single Member Plurality) system are serious enough to be considering a better alternative. Canada would, in fact, be better served with a different electoral system. The party system suits Canadians well, due to its cultural, regional, linguistic and other diversities. However, it is the brand of party system that is incorporated which is slowing down the electoral system. To better understand where the current system (FPTP) could be improved, a discussion of some major flaws will be addressed followed by the offering of the Proportional Representation as the best alternative. The first-past-the-post system encourages strategic voting which can be very compromising. Citizens are encouraged to vote for one of the two options most likely to win, even if it is not their most preferred option. An example of this type of voting could be easily recognized in the 2004 Canadian federal election; where many people were believed to have only voted for Liberal or Conservative, respectively, because one of these two forerunners was the lesser of two evils. New Democratic Party leader, Jack Layton, expressed his concern immediately following the election that many potential NDP voters chose the Liberal alternative, only because of their distaste for the Conservatives. The reason why this type of voting comes to be is because the first-past-the-post system designates one clear-cut winner. Citizens become fearful that they will cast a wasted vote&ap...